Table 2.

Demographic Characteristics of Offspring and Families in the Sweden Dataset.

Variable	N	%
Offspring-Specific Covariatesa
Female	578721	48.7
Birth order
First born	485857	40.9
Second born	427318	36.0
Third born	193692	16.3
Fourth+	80493	6.8
Maternal age at childbirth
Less than 20 years old	33085	2.8
20 to 25 years old	267409	22.5
25 to 30 years oldc	445367	37.5
30 to 35 years old	302946	25.5
35 years or older	138553	11.7
Paternal age at childbirth
Less than 20 years old	7843	0.7
20 to 25 years old	135851	11.4
25 to 30 years oldc	375561	31.6
30 to 35 years old	362932	30.6
35 years or older	299351	25.2
Missing	5822	0.5
Cohabitating at time of childbirth
Cohabitatingc	1073686	90.4
Not Cohabitating	59781	5.0
Missing	53893	4.5
Maternal Covariatesb
Low Education
Less than 1–2 years of upper secondary education	88034	11.8
Greater than 1–2 years of upper secondary educationc	654398	88.0
Missing	1241	0.2
Criminal Conviction
Any Lifetime Conviction	94734	12.7
No History of Convictionc	648939	87.3
Substance-Related Hospitalization
Any Lifetime Hospitalization	16170	2.2
No History of Hospitalizationc	727503	97.8
Paternal Covariatesb
Low Education
Less than 1–2 years of upper secondary education	143687	19.3
Greater than 1–2 years of upper secondary educationc	591499	79.5
Missing	8487	1.1
Criminal Conviction
Any Lifetime Conviction	318624	42.8
No History of Convictionc	420086	56.5
Missing	4963	0.7
Substance-Related Hospitalization
Any Lifetime Hospitalization	32251	4.3
No History of Hospitalizationc	706459	95.0
Missing	4963	0.7

Note.

^aBased on 1,187,360 offspring.

^bBased on 743,673 unique mothers and traits of fathers of the first child of those women.

^cUsed as the reference group in the analyses.