Table 3.
Scores of Outcomes at Baseline and Postintervention
| Baseline Mean (SD) |
Baseline Differences |
Post Mean (SD) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group Education |
Individual Education |
P Value |
Group Education |
Individual Education |
|
| HbA1C (range 4-13) | 8.1 (1.44) | 8.14 (1.58) | .952 | 7.78 (1.48) | 7.69 (1.43) |
| Self-efficacy (range 0-40) | 33.0 (4.57) | 34.25 (4.27) | .547 | 36.69 (3.68) | 33.13 (6.71) |
| Self-care activities | |||||
| General diet (range 0-14) | 9.23 (3.77) | 9.63 (4.14) | .825 | 11.0 (2.77) | 10.63 (2.45) |
| Specific diet (range 0-14) | 8.69 (2.95) | 9.25 (1.98) | .643 | 10.46 (2.37) | 9.75 (2.71) |
| Carb spacing (range 0-7) | 3.0 (3.0) | 4.0 (2.58) | .479 | 5.38 (1.76) | 4.25 (2.19) |
| Exercise (range 0-14) | 5.69 (4.13) | 6.5 (5.68) | .71 | 6.69 (3.38) | 7.88 (4.49) |
| Blood glucose testing (range 0-14) | 7.23 (5.23) | 9.0 (6.02) | .486 | 10.85 (5.1) | 10.63 (4.81) |
| Foot care (range 0-14) | 8.46 (4.98) | 8.63 (5.13) | .943 | 10.62 (3.71) | 10.5 (3.46) |
| Comprehensive foot care | |||||
| (examination and hygiene) (range 0-35) | 26.17 (7.06) | 25.0 (5.01) | .692 | 29.5 (4.85) | 25.38 (4.53) |
| Medication administration (range 0-14) | 12.09 (4.53) | 12.6 (3.13) | a | 13.56 (1.33) | 12.29 (4.54) |
| Smoking (range 0-7) | 1.62 (3.95) | 0 (0) | b | 0.77 (2.77) | 0 (0) |
a
Scores for medication administration are skewed: In Group DSME: scores were 14 (n = 9), 7 (n = 1), and 0 (n = 11). Individual DSME scores were 4 (n = 1), 1 (n = 1) and 0 (1). Postintervention scores were virtually unchanged.
b
Scores for smoking at baseline included only 3 smokers, thus insufficient data for P value.