Table 4.
Mean Change Scores for Outcomes
| Post-Baseline Change Mean (SD)a |
t Test of Change Scores |
95% Confidence Interval |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group Education | Individual Education | P Value | of Group Difference | |
| HbA1C | −0.32 (0.98) | −0.24 (0.38) | .855 | (−0.89, 0.75) |
| Self-efficacy | 3.58 (5.43) | −1.13 (7.12) | .111 | (−1.18, 10.6) |
| Self-care activities | ||||
| General diet | 1.77 (3.56) | 1.0 (3.55) | .637 | (−2.59, 4.13) |
| Specific diet | 1.77 (3.39) | 0.5 (3.55) | .423 | (−1.98, 4.52) |
| Carbohydrate spacing | 2.27 (3.58) | −.14 (1.68) | .073 | (−0.25, 5.08) |
| Exercise | 1.0 (3.7) | 1.38 (4.17) | .832 | (−4.02, 3.27) |
| Blood glucose testing | 3.62 (4.31) | 1.63 (4.87) | .34 | (−2.27, 6.25) |
| Foot care (examination) | 2.15 (3.24) | 1.88 (3.72) | .858 | (−2.94, 3.5) |
| Comprehensive foot care (examination and hygiene) |
3.64 (5.92) | 0.38 (3.7) | .189 | (−1.76, 8.29) |
| Medicationb | ||||
| administration | −0.44 (1.33) | −1.0 (2.24) | b | (−1.5, 2.61) |
| Smokingc | −0.85 (3.05) | 0 (0) | c | (−3.13, 1.43) |
a
Sample sizes vary, ranging from 18 to 21, due to missing values for some of the outcomes at either baseline or postintervention.
b
Change scores for medication administration are negligible with 80%-88.9% no change.
c
Change scores for smoking are negligible with 92.3%-100% with no change.