Table 4.
Mental health treatment in the past month, and visits in the first year after 9/11 attacks, among patients with and without 9/11-related probable PTSD
| Outcome | PTSD+ (n =95) | PTSD– (n = 835) | Tests | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | Crude OR (95% CI)a | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |
| Mental health treatment (self-report) | ||||||
| Past month | ||||||
| Mental health treatment | 37/93 | 39.8 | 139/831 | 16.7 | 3.3 (2.1, 5.2) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.7) |
| Took a “prescribed medication” | 46/92 | 50.0 | 139/827 | 16.8 | 5.0 (3.2, 7.7) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.6) |
| Took an antidepressant drug | 45/92 | 48.9 | 124/822 | 15.1 | 5.4 (3.4, 8.5) | 2.4 (1.3, 4.3) |
| Took an antimanic drug | 3/91 | 3.3 | 13/818 | 1.6 | 2.1 (0.6, 7.6) | 2.5 (0.5, 11.7) |
| Took an antipsychotic drug | 8/91 | 8.8 | 23/818 | 2.8 | 3.3 (1.4, 7.7) | 1.1 (0.3, 3.8) |
| Lifetime | ||||||
| Psychiatric admission | 22/95 | 23.2 | 73/761 | 8.8 | 3.1 (1.8, 5.4) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.0) |
| Health services in the year after 9/11c | ||||||
| Emergency room visits, any | 23/49 | 46.9 | 180/441 | 40.8 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) |
| Hospital admissions, any | 6/49 | 12.2 | 89/441 | 20.2 | 0.6 (0.2, 1.4) | 0.3 (0.6, 1.2) |
| n | Mean±S.D. | n | Mean± S.D. | β (95% CI)d | Adjusted β (95% CI)b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health services in the year after 9/11 | ||||||
| Primary care visits | 49 | 7.5±4.4 | 441 | 7.6±5.5 | –0.1 (–1.3, +1.1)e | –0.1 (–1.5, +1.3)e |
Due to missing data, n = 909–929 for the “Mental health treatment (self-report)” outcomes, and n =490 for the “Health services in the year after 9/11” outcomes.
Odds ratios are adjusted for sex; marital status (married/cohabiting vs. other); education (high school diploma: yes vs. no); race/ethnicity (Hispanic vs. black, non-Hispanic vs. white/other, non-Hispanic); born in the US (yes vs. no); the presence of at least one other current mental disorder (MDD, GAD, panic disorder and/or “alcohol or drug use disorder”) (yes vs. no); family psychiatric history (yes vs. no); proximity to the WTC on 9/11/01 (see Table 2 for description of the four levels) (to overcome estimation problems due to small cells, proximity was omitted from analyses with the “antipsychotic drug” and “antimanic drug” outcomes); know someone killed by the WTC disaster (yes vs. no); and exposure to at least one traumatic event prior to 9/11 (yes vs. no). Due to missing data, n = 690–701 for the “Mental health treatment (self-report)” outcomes, and n = 358 for the “Health services in the year after 9/11” outcomes.
Visit data are presented for subjects who were locatable in the computerized medical records database and who were found to have made at least one visit (outpatient, emergency and/or inpatient) prior to September 11, 2000, i.e., a year prior to the 9/11 disaster.
Expected difference in number of visits for those with PTSD.
Adjusted also for service use during the 12 months prior to the 9/11 attacks: for emergency room visits, any (yes vs. no); for hospital admissions, any (yes vs. no); and for outpatient visits, the number of visits.