Table 2.
Associations of maternal and paternal adiposity (sum of skinfolds) with offspring adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors, the Mysore Parthenon study
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children's adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors | β† | 95 % CI | β† | 95 % CI | β† | 95 % CI | β† | 95 % CI | β† | 95 % CI | P‡ |
| Maternal SS | |||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0·52*** | 0·36, 0·68 | 0·49*** | 0·32, 0·65 | 0·36*** | 0·20, 0·53 | 0·50*** | 0·33, 0·68 | 0·3 | ||
| SS (mm)§ | 0·10*** | 0·07, 0·13 | 0·09*** | 0·06, 0·11 | 0·07*** | 0·04, 0·10 | 0·09*** | 0·06, 0·12 | 0·6 | ||
| Fat % | 1·65*** | 1·09, 2·22 | 1·35*** | 0·83, 1·87 | 1·28*** | 0·73, 1·82 | 1·37*** | 0·82, 1·91 | 0·02 | ||
| WC (cm) | 1·35*** | 0·88, 1·83 | 1·20*** | 0·71, 1·69 | 0·81** | 0·31, 1·31 | 1·23*** | 0·72, 1·75 | 0·9 | ||
| Glucose0 (mmol/l) | −0·02 | −0·05, 0·02 | −0·02 | −0·05, 0·02 | −0·03 | −0·06, 0·01 | −0·01 | −0·05, 0·03 | −0·03 | −0·07, 0·01 | 0·045 |
| Glucose120 (mmol/l) | −0·03 | −0·11, 0·05 | −0·03 | −0·12, 0·05 | −0·05 | −0·15, 0·04 | −0·05 | −0·14, 0·03 | −0·07 | −0·16, 0·02 | 0·054 |
| Insulin0 (pmol/l)§ | 0·08** | 0·03, 0·13 | 0·06* | 0·01, 0·11 | 0·04 | −0·02, 0·10 | 0·06* | 0·01, 0·12 | 0·02 | −0·04, 0·07 | 0·4 |
| HOMA-IR§ | 0·08** | 0·02, 0·13 | 0·06* | 0·002, 0·11 | 0·04 | −0·02, 0·09 | 0·06* | 0·005, 0·12 | 0·01 | −0·05, 0·06 | 0·3 |
| TAG (mmol/l)§ | −0·04* | −0·07, −0·004 | −0·04* | −0·07, −0·01 | −0·03 | −0·07, 0·002 | −0·05* | −0·08, −0·01 | −0·05** | −0·09, −0·02 | 0·3 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 0·003 | −0·02, 0·02 | 0·004 | −0·02, 0·02 | 0·004 | −0·02, 0·03 | 0·003 | −0·02, 0·02 | 0·007 | −0·01, 0·03 | 0·7 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | −0·005 | −0·05, 0·04 | −0·007 | −0·06, 0·04 | −0·001 | −0·05, 0·05 | −0·004 | −0·06, 0·05 | −0·02 | −0·07, 0·03 | 0·2 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 0·53 | −0·23, 1·28 | 0·67 | −0·11, 1·46 | 0·46 | −0·39, 1·31 | 0·65 | −0·17, 1·47 | −0·27 | −1·02, 0·49 | 0·9 |
| Paternal SS | |||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0·38*** | 0·22, 0·54 | 0·30** | 0·13, 0·47 | 0·23** | 0·06, 0·40 | |||||
| SS (mm)§ | 0·08*** | 0·05, 0·11 | 0·07*** | 0·04, 0·10 | 0·06*** | 0·03, 0·08 | |||||
| Fat % | 0·74* | 0·15, 1·34 | 0·52 | −0·02, 1·06 | 0·28 | −0·26, 0·83 | |||||
| WC (cm) | 1·26*** | 0·78, 1·73 | 1·00*** | 0·46, 1·45 | 0·81** | 0·30, 1·31 | |||||
| Glucose0 (mmol/l) | 0·03 | −0·01, 0·06 | 0·03 | −0·01, 0·07 | 0·04 | −0·003, 0·08 | 0·02 | −0·02, 0·06 | |||
| Glucose120 (mmol/l) | 0·08 | −0·01, 0·16 | 0·07 | −0·02, 0·16 | 0·08 | −0·01, 0·18 | 0·06 | −0·03, 0·15 | |||
| Insulin0 (pmol/l)§ | 0·09** | 0·04, 0·15 | 0·08** | 0·03, 0·14 | 0·08** | 0·02, 0·13 | 0·05 | −0·002, 0·11 | |||
| HOMA-IR§ | 0·10** | 0·04, 0·15 | 0·09** | 0·03, 0·15 | 0· 08** | 0·02, 0·14 | 0·06 | −0·0005, 0·12 | |||
| TAG (mmol/l)§ | −0·02 | −0·05, 0·02 | −0·01 | −0·05, 0·02 | −0·01 | −0·04, 0·03 | −0·02 | −0·05, 0·02 | |||
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | −0·001 | −0·02, 0·02 | −0·002 | −0·02, 0·02 | −0·003 | −0·02, 0·02 | −0·0002 | −0·02, 0·02 | |||
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | −0·05 | −0·10, 0·001 | −0·06* | −0·11, −0·003 | −0·06* | −0·11, −0·001 | −0·06* | −0·11, −0·01 | |||
| SBP (mmHg) | 0·46 | −0·33, 1·25 | 0·49 | −0·34, 1·33 | 0·41 | −0·44, 1·26 | −0·24 | −1·04, 0·56 | |||
SS, sum of skinfolds; fat %, body fat percentage; WC, waist circumference; glucose0, fasting glucose concentration; glucose120, 120 min post-load glucose concentration; insulin0, fasting insulin concentration; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SES, socio-economic status.
*P < 0·05; **P < 0·01; ***P < 0·001.
†β is the effect size derived using maternal or paternal SS as a continuous variable (standardized) in multiple linear regression analysis. For logged variables, the effect size indicates the percentage change in the outcome per unit change in the predictor. Model 1: unadjusted; model 2: adjusted for the child's sex, age, breast-feeding duration, and maternal age, parity and SES; model 3: model 2+maternal and paternal SS mutually adjusted; model 4: model 2+maternal glucose area under the curve at pregnancy; model 5: model 2+the child's SS at 9·5 years.
‡P value for difference between maternal and paternal effects derived using the Z test (model 3).
§Logged variables.