Figure 2.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in macrophages. RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with CAPE (1, 5 and 10 μM) for 1 h, and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 ng mL⁻¹) for an additional (A, C) 8 h or (B, D, E) 24 h. Culture media were collected and analysed for TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-β, IP-10 and RANTES by ELISA. Values are means ± SEM (n = 3). *Significantly different from LPS alone, P < 0.05.