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Null mutations of genes in the VLCFA pathway disrupt lipid membranes. The lipophilic dye DiOC6(3) was used to label membranes in live yeast cells. Dye was applied to cells in suspension 10 min before plating on a microscope slide and imaging. Included are the VLCFA and ceramide synthase fen1Δ, sur4Δ, and lip1Δ mutants as controls. A total of 100% of these mutants showed abnormal membranes (n = 246) versus 1.1% for WT (n = 89) and 9.7% for the rescue (n = 93).
