Table 4. Univariate analysis of relative risk for cardiac adverse occurrence (AO) after spinal surgery.
| Risk factors | Cardiac AO 107 |
No cardiac AO 1,485 |
RR | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years ), mean (sd) | 64.4 (14.2) | 48.5 (15.5) | <0.001 | ||
| 18–39 | 7 (2%) | 424 (98%) | 1.00 | − | <.001 |
| 40–64 | 41 (5%) | 818 (95%) | 2.94 | 1.33–6.50 | |
| ≥65 | 59 (20%) | 243 (80%) | 12.03 | 5.57–26.0 | |
| Gender | |||||
| male | 56 (6%) | 858 (94%) | 1.00 | − | .27 |
| female | 51 (8%) | 627 (92%) | 1.23 | 0.85–1.77 | |
| Smoking | |||||
| no | 69 (7%) | 955 (93%) | 1.00 | − | .73 |
| yes | 31 (6%) | 457 (94%) | 0.94 | 0.63–1.42 | |
| unknown | 7 (9%) | 73 (91%) | 1.30 | 0.62–2.73 | |
| Alcohol | |||||
| no | 61 (8%) | 710 (92%) | 1.00 | − | .18 |
| yes | 37 (6%) | 631 (94%) | 0.70 | 0.47–1.04 | |
| unknown | 9 (6%) | 144 (94%) | 0.74 | 0.38–1.46 | |
| Drug use | |||||
| no | 89 (7%) | 1,188 (93%) | 1.00 | − | .71 |
| yes | 9 (5%) | 158 (95%) | 0.77 | 0.40–1.51 | |
| unknown | 9 (6%) | 139 (94%) | 0.87 | 0.45–1.70 | |
| Diabetes | |||||
| no | 78 (6%) | 1,233 (94%) | 1.00 | − | .006 |
| yes | 22 (12%) | 157 (88%) | 2.07 | 1.32–3.23 | |
| unknown | 7 (7%) | 95 (93%) | 1.15 | 0.55–2.43 | |
| Previous Cardiac Incident | |||||
| no | 83 (6%) | 1,316 (94%) | 1.00 | − | <.001 |
| yes | 16 (17%) | 78 (83%) | 2.87 | 1.75–4.70 | |
| unknown | 8 (8%) | 91 (92%) | 1.36 | 0.68–2.73 | |
| BMI | 28.6 (7.3) | 27.6 (6.5) | .16 | ||
| underweight (< 18.5) | 9 (6%) | 131 (94%) | 1.00 | − | .30 |
| normal (18.5 – < 25) | 33 (6%) | 477 (94%) | |||
| overweight (25 – < 30) | 29 (6%) | 474 (94%) | 0.89 | 0.56–1.41 | |
| obese (30 – < 35) | 18 (7%) | 251 (93%) | 1.04 | 0.61–1.77 | |
| ≥35 | 18 (11%) | 152 (89%) | 1.64 | 0.97–2.77 | |
| Charlson comorbidity adjusted for diabetes and pulmonary disease, mean (sd) | 2.2 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.4) | <.001 | ||
| 0 | 10 (3%) | 306 (97%) | 1.00 | − | <.001 |
| 1 | 35 (5%) | 664 (95%) | 1.58 | 0.79–3.15 | |
| 2 | 24 (10%) | 228 (90%) | 3.01 | 1.47–6.18 | |
| 3 | 14 (10%) | 126 (90%) | 3.16 | 1.44–6.94 | |
| 4 | 13 (12%) | 97 (88%) | 3.73 | 1.69–8.27 | |
| ≥5 | 11 (15%) | 64 (85%) | 4.63 | 2.04–10.5 | |
| Diagnosis group | |||||
| degenerative | 61 (6%) | 931 (94%) | 1.00 | − | .36 |
| trauma | 29 (8%) | 343 (92%) | 1.27 | 0.83–1.94 | |
| neoplasm | 6 (5%) | 111 (95%) | 0.83 | 0.37–1.89 | |
| other | 11 (10%) | 100 (90%) | 1.61 | 0.87–2.97 | |
| Diagnosis level | |||||
| lumbar | 31 (5%) | 551 (95%) | 1.00 | − | .25 |
| cervical | 58 (8%) | 696 (92%) | 1.44 | 0.95–2.20 | |
| thoracic | 18 (7%) | 223 (93%) | 1.40 | 0.80–2.46 | |
| sacral | 0 | 13 (100%) | − | − | |
| Revision | |||||
| no | 75 (6%) | 1,231 (94%) | 1.00 | − | <.001 |
| yes | 32 (11%) | 254 (89%) | 1.95 | 1.31–2.89 | |
| Surgical approach | |||||
| posterior | 50 (5%) | 884 (95%) | 1.00 | − | <.001 |
| anterior | 14 (5%) | 278 (95%) | 0.90 | 0.50–1.60 | |
| combined | 43 (12%) | 323 (88%) | 2.19 | 1.49–3.24 | |
| Invasiveness index, mean (SD) | 8.2 (7.3) | 12.6 (9.9) | <.001 | ||
| 1–5 | 37 (5%) | 696 (95%) | 1.00 | − | <.001 |
| 6–10 | 15 (4%) | 385 (96%) | 0.72 | 0.40–1.30 | |
| 11–15 | 24 (10%) | 216 (90%) | 1.98 | 1.21–3.24 | |
| 16–20 | 11 (12%) | 81 (88%) | 2.37 | 1.25–4.48 | |
| 21–25 | 8 (17%) | 39 (83%) | 3.37 | 1.67–6.82 | |
| > 25 | 12 (17%) | 58 (83%) | 3.40 | 1.86–6.21 | |
RR = relative risk, CI = confidence intervals