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Effects of nitrogen addition during the stationary phase of batch fermentation on metabolite concentrations. ▲, ammonium pulse; ♢, valine pulse; 
, control batch fermentation, without nitrogen addition. Propanol, isoamyl alcohol, isobutanol, and ethyl acetate concentrations are expressed in mg/liter, and pyruvate and succinate concentrations are expressed in g/liter after nitrogen addition to batch fermentations. One representative experiment of three biological replicates is shown.
