Fig 1.

Soil samples were collected in 2005 to 2007 from three agricultural crop fields that applied manure supplied by sites A, C, and E (pig production farms). The first sampling point of each time series is highlighted in bold, which also denotes that soil samples were collected before manure application. The subsequent sampling points and the spatial distance from the first sampling point denote the duration that passed after manure was applied. Manure was applied as a single dose, and no subsequent application was carried out at that particular field throughout the sampled time series.