In vivo immunomodulatory responses. Splenic iNOS and cytokine (TNF-α, IL-12, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β) mRNA expression in infected control and treated (NET-AmB, CNC-AmB, Fungizone, or AmBisome) Syrian golden hamsters was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Bar graphs show the mean fold changes in iNOs and cytokine expression levels ± SD (5 hamsters/time point) relative to the level of expression of the reference gene (encoding HPRT).