Table 2.

Summary of clinical microdialysis studies performed with antimicrobials

Drug(s)	Subject group	Tissue(s)	No. of subjects	Collection period (h)	Dosage(s)a	Reference
β-Lactams
Cefaclor	Healthy volunteers	Muscle	12	5.5	Single dose, various doses*	70
Cefazolin	Aortic valve replacement	Muscle, subcutaneous	7	12	2 doses, 4 and 2 g	71
Cefpirome	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	12	8	Single dose, 2 g	72
Cefpirome	Sepsis and healthy controls	Subcutaneous	20	4	Single dose, 2 g	73
Cefpirome, cefodizime	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	6	5	Single dose, 2 g	74
Cefpodoxime, cefixime	Healthy volunteers	Muscle	6	8	Single doses, 400 mg each	75
Cefuroxime	Morbidly obese, abdominal surgery	Muscle, subcutaneous	6	6	Single dose, 1.5 g	76
Cefuroxime	Cardiac surgery	Muscle	9	6	Multiple dosing, various doses**	77
Ceftobiprole	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	12	0–12, 16, 24	Single dose, 0.5 g	78
Doripenem	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	6	8	Single dose, 0.5 g	79
Ertapenem	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	6	12	Single dose, 1 g	7
Imipenem	Critically ill	Muscle, subcutaneous	11	8	Single and multiple dosing, 500 mg 3 or 4 times daily	80
Meropenem	Acute brain injury	Brain	2	7	Multiple doses, 1 g 3 times daily	81
Meropenem	Septic shock	Peritoneal fluid	6	7	2 1-g doses	82
Meropenem	Pneumonia	Lung	7	8	Single dose, 1 g	83
Piperacillin	Aortic valve replacement	Muscle, subcutaneous	6	4	Single dose, 4 g	84
Piperacillin	Pneumonia	Lung	5	8	Single dose, 4 g	85
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin	Healthy volunteers	Subcutaneous	7	6	Single dose, 240 mg	86
Macrolides-ketolides
Clarithromycin	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	6	8	250 mg (single dose) and 500 mg twice daily	87
Telithromcyin	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	10	8	Single dose, 800 mg orally	88
Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	8	8	Single dose, 200 mg	89
Ciprofloxacin	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	8	12	Single doses, 400 mg (i.v.) or 500 mg (oral)	90
Ciprofloxacin	Obese and lean subjects	Muscle, subcutaneous	24	6	Single dose, 2.85 mg/kg of body wt	91
Ciprofloxacin	Diabetics	Foot lesion, subcutaneous	6	5	Single dose, 200 mg	92
Gemifloxacin	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	12	10	Single dose, 320 mg	93
Levofloxacin	Cardiac surgery	Lung	10	8	Single dose, 500 mg	94
Levofloxacin	Cardiac surgery	Lung	6	8	Single dose, 500 mg	95
Moxifloxacin	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	13	12	Single dose, 400 mg	46
Oxazolidinones
Linezolid	Sepsis or septic shock	Muscle, subcutaneous	12	8	Single and multiple doses, 600 mg every 12 h	96
Linezolid	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	10	8	Single and multiple doses, 600 mg twice daily	97
Linezolid	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	9	8	Multiple doses, 600 mg twice daily	98
Tedizolid	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	12	12	Single dose, 600 mg	99
Lipopeptides
Daptomycin	Diabetic and healthy controls	Subcutaneous	12	24	Single, 4 mg/kg	100
Miscellaneous
Fosfomycin	Healthy volunteers	Muscle, subcutaneous	6	8	Single, 4 or 8 g	101
Metronidazole	Gynecological	Muscle	6	10	Single, 500 mg	102

^ai.v., intravenous. *, modified release, 500 and 750 mg; immediate release, 500 mg. **, cefuroxime, 3 g i.v. with anesthesia induction, then 1.5 g i.v. after cardiopulmonary bypass with protamine sulfate, and 1.5 g i.v. 8 h after surgery.