Table 2.
Infections associated with flexible upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
| Reference | Microorganism(s) | No. of contaminated patients after endoscopy | No. of infected patients | Infection type(s) | Detection of endoscope contamination | Cause(s) of contaminationa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80 | P. aeruginosa | 3 | 2 | Sepsis | Yes | Inappropriate cleaning and disinfection (benzalkonium chloride) |
| 62 | P. aeruginosa | 4 | 3 | Pneumonia, lung abscess | Yes | Inappropriate cleaning and disinfection (cetrimide) |
| 65 | P. aeruginosa | 4 | 4 | Sepsis | Yes | Contaminated water bottle and water supply; inappropriate cleaning and disinfection |
| 23 | P. aeruginosa | 99 | No data | Bacteremia/sepsis, cholangitis, pneumonia | Yes | Contaminated AER (a flaw in design, presence of biofilm); drying with no ethanol flushing |
| 130 | H. pylori | 1 | 1 | Gastritis | Not tested | Biopsy forceps not sterilized |
| 128 | H. pylori | 2 | 2 | Gastritis | Yes | Inappropriate disinfection between patients (ethanol); biopsy forceps not sterilized |
| 131 | H. pylori | 1 | 1 | Gastritis | Yes | Inappropriate cleaning and disinfection between patients |
| 84 | Salmonella Typhi | 1 | 1 | Bacteremia | Not tested | Inappropriate cleaning and disinfection |
| 82 | Salmonella Typhimurium | 7 | 7 | Gastroenteritis, peritoneal abscess | Yes | Inappropriate cleaning and disinfection |
| 28 | Salmonella Typhimurium | 1 | 1 | Urinary tract infection | Yes | Lack of manual cleaning; insufficient disinfectant exposure |
| 88 | Salmonella Agona | 5 | 5 | Gastroenteritis, bacteremia/sepsis | Yes | Inappropriate cleaning and disinfection (cetrimide) |
| 86 | Salmonella Kedougou | 15 | 12 | Gastroenteritis | No | Inappropriate cleaning and disinfection (cetrimide) |
| 162 | HBV | 1 | 1 | HBV infection | Not tested | Inappropriate cleaning and disinfection (cetrimide); no disinfection between patients |
| 163 | HBV | 1 | 1 | HBV infection | Not tested | Endoscope reprocessing not described |
| 161 | HBV | 1 | 1 | HBV infection | Not tested | Lack of disinfection procedure |
| 183 | HCV | 9 | 9 | HCV infection | Not tested | Contaminated syringe or anesthetic vial; inappropriate cleaning and disinfection |
| 150 | Strongyloides stercoralis | 4 | 4 | Esophagitis | Not tested | Not found |
| 152 | Trichosporon spp. | 9 | 0 | No | Yes | Inappropriate cleaning and disinfection (cetrimide) |
| 151 | Trichosporon asahii | 1 | 1 | Esophagitis | Yes | Biopsy forceps not sterilized |
a
AER, automated endoscope reprocessor.