Table 3.
Any school with a policy for gift restriction from pharmaceutical industry before 2002
| Variables | Stimulant (lisdexamfetamine) | Antipsychotic (paliperidone) | Antidepressant (desvenlafaxine) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | |||
| Exposed to policy | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.51) | 0.001 | 0.20 (0.04 to 0.96) | 0.05 | 0.82 (0.35 to 1.92) | 0.64 | ||
| Period of exposure | 1.28 (0.98 to 1.69) | 0.07 | 1.19 (0.46 to 3.08) | 0.72 | 0.78 (0.51 to 1.22) | 0.28 | ||
| Prescribing volume (100s) | 1.06 (1.04 to 1.09) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 0.11 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) | 0.28 | ||
| Cash payment | 0.70 (0.57 to 0.86) | 0.001 | 1.89 (1.16 to 3.09) | 0.01 | 0.93 (0.71 to 1.24) | 0.64 | ||
| Medicaid payment | 0.86 (0.68 to 1.09) | 0.22 | 1.70 (1.04 to 2.78) | 0.04 | 0.67 (0.36 to 1.22) | 0.19 | ||
| Psychiatry | 0.52 (0.38 to 0.72) | <0.001 | 4.75 (1.33 to 16.9) | 0.02 | 1.42 (0.65 to 3.10) | 0.38 | ||
| General medicine | 0.44 (0.33 to 0.58) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.22 to 3.88) | 0.91 | 1.73 (0.87 to 3.43) | 0.12 | ||
| Male | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.24) | 0.87 | 1.80 (0.92 to 3.50) | 0.09 | 1.15 (0.80 to 1.64) | 0.45 | ||
All models include school fixed effects. Third party is omitted insurance category. Other is omitted provider specialty. Standard errors clustered by prescriber.