Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1989 Aug;9(8):3400–3410. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.8.3400

Cassette mutagenic analysis of the yeast invertase signal peptide: effects on protein translocation.

J K Ngsee 1, W Hansen 1, P Walter 1, M Smith 1
PMCID: PMC362386  PMID: 2677671

Abstract

The coding sequence of the SUC2 locus was placed under the control of the constitutive ADH1 promoter and transcription terminator in a centromere-based yeast plasmid vector from which invertase is expressed in a Suc- strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutants in the signal peptide sequence were produced by replacing this region of the gene with synthetic oligonucleotide cassettes containing mixtures of nucleotides at several positions. The mutants could be divided into three classes on the basis of the ability to secrete invertase. Class I mutants produced secreted invertase but in reduced amount. The class II mutant, 4-55B, also exhibited reduced a level of invertase, but a significant fraction of the enzyme was intracellular. Class III mutants were partially defective in translocation from the cytoplasm to the endoplasmic reticulum and produced enzymatically active, unglycosylated preinvertase in the cytoplasm. Class III mutant preinvertases were also defective in translocation across canine pancreas microsomes. These results suggested that the reduced level of invertase resulted from proteolytic degradation of inefficiently transported intermediates. Comparison of the sequences of the mutant signal peptides indicated that amino acids at the extreme amino terminus and adjacent to the cleavage site play a crucial role in the secretory process when combined with a mutation within the hydrophobic core.

Full text

PDF
3403

Images in this article

3404Image
on p.3404
3404Image
on p.3404
3405Image
on p.3405
3405Image
on p.3405
3406Image
on p.3406
3407Image
on p.3407

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Allison D. S., Young E. T. Single-amino-acid substitutions within the signal sequence of yeast prepro-alpha-factor affect membrane translocation. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):1915–1922. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.1915. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ammerer G. Expression of genes in yeast using the ADCI promoter. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:192–201. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01014-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bachmair A., Finley D., Varshavsky A. In vivo half-life of a protein is a function of its amino-terminal residue. Science. 1986 Oct 10;234(4773):179–186. doi: 10.1126/science.3018930. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bedouelle H., Bassford P. J., Jr, Fowler A. V., Zabin I., Beckwith J., Hofnung M. Mutations which alter the function of the signal sequence of the maltose binding protein of Escherichia coli. Nature. 1980 May 8;285(5760):78–81. doi: 10.1038/285078a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Benson S. A., Hall M. N., Rasmussen B. A. Signal sequence mutations that alter coupling of secretion and translation of an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein. J Bacteriol. 1987 Oct;169(10):4686–4691. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.10.4686-4691.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bergh M. L., Cepko C. L., Wolf D., Robbins P. W. Expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycoprotein invertase in mouse fibroblasts: glycosylation, secretion, and enzymatic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jun;84(11):3570–3574. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.11.3570. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Blachly-Dyson E., Stevens T. H. Yeast carboxypeptidase Y can be translocated and glycosylated without its amino-terminal signal sequence. J Cell Biol. 1987 May;104(5):1183–1191. doi: 10.1083/jcb.104.5.1183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Blobel G., Dobberstein B. Transfer of proteins across membranes. I. Presence of proteolytically processed and unprocessed nascent immunoglobulin light chains on membrane-bound ribosomes of murine myeloma. J Cell Biol. 1975 Dec;67(3):835–851. doi: 10.1083/jcb.67.3.835. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bolivar F., Backman K. Plasmids of Escherichia coli as cloning vectors. Methods Enzymol. 1979;68:245–267. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(79)68018-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Carlson M., Botstein D. Two differentially regulated mRNAs with different 5' ends encode secreted with intracellular forms of yeast invertase. Cell. 1982 Jan;28(1):145–154. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90384-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Carlson M., Osmond B. C., Botstein D. Mutants of yeast defective in sucrose utilization. Genetics. 1981 May;98(1):25–40. doi: 10.1093/genetics/98.1.25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Clarke L., Carbon J. Isolation of a yeast centromere and construction of functional small circular chromosomes. Nature. 1980 Oct 9;287(5782):504–509. doi: 10.1038/287504a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dente L., Cesareni G., Cortese R. pEMBL: a new family of single stranded plasmids. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 25;11(6):1645–1655. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.6.1645. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Deshaies R. J., Schekman R. A yeast mutant defective at an early stage in import of secretory protein precursors into the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Biol. 1987 Aug;105(2):633–645. doi: 10.1083/jcb.105.2.633. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Dierstein R., Wickner W. Requirements for substrate recognition by bacterial leader peptidase. EMBO J. 1986 Feb;5(2):427–431. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04228.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Emr S. D., Hall M. N., Silhavy T. J. A mechanism of protein localization: the signal hypothesis and bacteria. J Cell Biol. 1980 Sep;86(3):701–711. doi: 10.1083/jcb.86.3.701. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Emr S. D., Silhavy T. J. Importance of secondary structure in the signal sequence for protein secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Aug;80(15):4599–4603. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.15.4599. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Erickson A. H., Blobel G. Cell-free translation of messenger RNA in a wheat germ system. Methods Enzymol. 1983;96:38–50. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(83)96007-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Esmon B., Novick P., Schekman R. Compartmentalized assembly of oligosaccharides on exported glycoproteins in yeast. Cell. 1981 Aug;25(2):451–460. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90063-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Ferro-Novick S., Hansen W., Schauer I., Schekman R. Genes required for completion of import of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum in yeast. J Cell Biol. 1984 Jan;98(1):44–53. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.1.44. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ferro-Novick S., Novick P., Field C., Schekman R. Yeast secretory mutants that block the formation of active cell surface enzymes. J Cell Biol. 1984 Jan;98(1):35–43. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.1.35. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gilmore R., Blobel G., Walter P. Protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum. I. Detection in the microsomal membrane of a receptor for the signal recognition particle. J Cell Biol. 1982 Nov;95(2 Pt 1):463–469. doi: 10.1083/jcb.95.2.463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Goldstein A., Lampen J. O. Beta-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase from yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1975;42:504–511. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(75)42159-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Haguenauer-Tsapis R., Nagy M., Ryter A. A deletion that includes the segment coding for the signal peptidase cleavage site delays release of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acid phosphatase from the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Feb;6(2):723–729. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.2.723. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hall M. N., Gabay J., Schwartz M. Evidence for a coupling of synthesis and export of an outer membrane protein in Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 1983;2(1):15–19. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01373.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hansen W., Garcia P. D., Walter P. In vitro protein translocation across the yeast endoplasmic reticulum: ATP-dependent posttranslational translocation of the prepro-alpha-factor. Cell. 1986 May 9;45(3):397–406. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90325-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Inouye S., Soberon X., Franceschini T., Nakamura K., Itakura K., Inouye M. Role of positive charge on the amino-terminal region of the signal peptide in protein secretion across the membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jun;79(11):3438–3441. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.11.3438. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Kaiser C. A., Botstein D. Secretion-defective mutations in the signal sequence for Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jul;6(7):2382–2391. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.7.2382. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Kaiser C. A., Preuss D., Grisafi P., Botstein D. Many random sequences functionally replace the secretion signal sequence of yeast invertase. Science. 1987 Jan 16;235(4786):312–317. doi: 10.1126/science.3541205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Koshland D., Sauer R. T., Botstein D. Diverse effects of mutations in the signal sequence on the secretion of beta-lactamase in Salmonella typhimurium. Cell. 1982 Oct;30(3):903–914. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90295-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Krieg P. A., Melton D. A. Functional messenger RNAs are produced by SP6 in vitro transcription of cloned cDNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Sep 25;12(18):7057–7070. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.18.7057. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Krieg U. C., Walter P., Johnson A. E. Photocrosslinking of the signal sequence of nascent preprolactin to the 54-kilodalton polypeptide of the signal recognition particle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Nov;83(22):8604–8608. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.22.8604. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kubota S., Yoshida Y., Kumaoka H., Furumichi A. Studies on the microsomal electron-transport system of anaerobically grown yeast. V. Purification and characterization of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. J Biochem. 1977 Jan;81(1):197–205. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a131436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kuhn A., Wickner W. Isolation of mutants in M13 coat protein that affect its synthesis, processing, and assembly into phage. J Biol Chem. 1985 Dec 15;260(29):15907–15913. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kunkel T. A. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jan;82(2):488–492. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.2.488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kurzchalia T. V., Wiedmann M., Girshovich A. S., Bochkareva E. S., Bielka H., Rapoport T. A. The signal sequence of nascent preprolactin interacts with the 54K polypeptide of the signal recognition particle. Nature. 1986 Apr 17;320(6063):634–636. doi: 10.1038/320634a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Lipp J., Dobberstein B., Haeuptle M. T. Signal recognition particle arrests elongation of nascent secretory and membrane proteins at multiple sites in a transient manner. J Biol Chem. 1987 Feb 5;262(4):1680–1684. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. McNeil J. B., Smith M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYC1 mRNA 5'-end positioning: analysis by in vitro mutagenesis, using synthetic duplexes with random mismatch base pairs. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Dec;5(12):3545–3551. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.12.3545. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Melton D. A., Krieg P. A., Rebagliati M. R., Maniatis T., Zinn K., Green M. R. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Sep 25;12(18):7035–7056. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.18.7035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Michaelis S., Inouye H., Oliver D., Beckwith J. Mutations that alter the signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1983 Apr;154(1):366–374. doi: 10.1128/jb.154.1.366-374.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Norris K., Norris F., Christiansen L., Fiil N. Efficient site-directed mutagenesis by simultaneous use of two primers. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Aug 11;11(15):5103–5112. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.15.5103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Novick P., Ferro S., Schekman R. Order of events in the yeast secretory pathway. Cell. 1981 Aug;25(2):461–469. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90064-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Novick P., Field C., Schekman R. Identification of 23 complementation groups required for post-translational events in the yeast secretory pathway. Cell. 1980 Aug;21(1):205–215. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90128-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Perlman D., Halvorson H. O. Distinct repressible mRNAs for cytoplasmic and secreted yeast invertase are encoded by a single gene. Cell. 1981 Aug;25(2):525–536. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90071-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Perlman D., Raney P., Halvorson H. O. Mutations affecting the signal sequence alter synthesis and secretion of yeast invertase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jul;83(14):5033–5037. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.14.5033. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Porter S. D., Smith M. Homoeo-domain homology in yeast MAT alpha 2 is essential for repressor activity. Nature. 1986 Apr 24;320(6064):766–768. doi: 10.1038/320766a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Rapoport T. A., Heinrich R., Walter P., Schulmeister T. Mathematical modeling of the effects of the signal recognition particle on translation and translocation of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. J Mol Biol. 1987 Jun 5;195(3):621–636. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90186-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Rothblatt J. A., Meyer D. I. Secretion in yeast: reconstitution of the translocation and glycosylation of alpha-factor and invertase in a homologous cell-free system. Cell. 1986 Feb 28;44(4):619–628. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90271-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Schauer I., Emr S., Gross C., Schekman R. Invertase signal and mature sequence substitutions that delay intercompartmental transport of active enzyme. J Cell Biol. 1985 May;100(5):1664–1675. doi: 10.1083/jcb.100.5.1664. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Siegel V., Walter P. Elongation arrest is not a prerequisite for secretory protein translocation across the microsomal membrane. J Cell Biol. 1985 Jun;100(6):1913–1921. doi: 10.1083/jcb.100.6.1913. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Stinchcomb D. T., Struhl K., Davis R. W. Isolation and characterisation of a yeast chromosomal replicator. Nature. 1979 Nov 1;282(5734):39–43. doi: 10.1038/282039a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Taussig R., Carlson M. Nucleotide sequence of the yeast SUC2 gene for invertase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 25;11(6):1943–1954. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.6.1943. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Towbin H., Staehelin T., Gordon J. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Sep;76(9):4350–4354. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.9.4350. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Vieira J., Messing J. The pUC plasmids, an M13mp7-derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers. Gene. 1982 Oct;19(3):259–268. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90015-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Walter P., Blobel G. Preparation of microsomal membranes for cotranslational protein translocation. Methods Enzymol. 1983;96:84–93. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(83)96010-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Walter P., Gilmore R., Blobel G. Protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell. 1984 Aug;38(1):5–8. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90520-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Walter P., Ibrahimi I., Blobel G. Translocation of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum. I. Signal recognition protein (SRP) binds to in-vitro-assembled polysomes synthesizing secretory protein. J Cell Biol. 1981 Nov;91(2 Pt 1):545–550. doi: 10.1083/jcb.91.2.545. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Waters M. G., Blobel G. Secretory protein translocation in a yeast cell-free system can occur posttranslationally and requires ATP hydrolysis. J Cell Biol. 1986 May;102(5):1543–1550. doi: 10.1083/jcb.102.5.1543. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Zoller M. J., Smith M. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis using M13-derived vectors: an efficient and general procedure for the production of point mutations in any fragment of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Oct 25;10(20):6487–6500. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.20.6487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. von Heijne G. Patterns of amino acids near signal-sequence cleavage sites. Eur J Biochem. 1983 Jun 1;133(1):17–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07424.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. von Heijne G. Signal sequences. The limits of variation. J Mol Biol. 1985 Jul 5;184(1):99–105. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90046-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES