Table 3.
Description of outcome measures used
|
Author, yr 6MWT |
OM procedure referenced | Encouragement standardised | Number of repeat Ax in testing session | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jones 2012
[40] |
Yes
[50] |
|
NR |
|
NR |
|
|
| Pancieri 2010
[22] |
No |
|
‘encouraged walking’ |
NR |
|
|
|
| Kasymjanova 2009
[25] |
Yes
[50,67] |
|
NR |
|
1 x practice 1 x actual (on different days) |
|
|
| Mao 2007, Miller 2005
[26,27] |
Yes
[20] |
|
NR |
|
NR |
|
|
| Saad 2007
[24] |
Yes
[50] |
|
NR |
|
NR |
|
|
| Parsons 2003
[39] |
Yes
[34,68-72] |
|
Yes |
|
1 x practice, 1 x actual |
|
|
| Pierce 1994
[23] |
Yes [73] |
|
NR |
|
3 (best value used) |
|
|
| Holden 1992
[41] |
No |
|
NR |
|
2 (15-30 min interval) |
|
|
|
ISWT |
OM procedure referenced |
|
Encouragement standardised |
|
No of repeat Ax in testing session |
|
Additional description |
| England 2012
[44] |
Yes
[59] |
|
NR |
|
1 x practice, 1 x actual |
|
Participants wore COSMED K4 b2 system (COSMED, Italy) to measure HR, VE and VO2 throughout test |
| Win 2006; 2004
[30,64] |
Yes
[59] |
|
NR |
|
1 |
|
HR and SpO2 monitored and recorded at 30 second intervals throughout test |
|
SCT |
Equipment |
Monitoring during test |
Intensity |
Outcome |
Number of repeat Ax in testing session |
Experience of assessors |
Additional description |
| Brunelli 2012, 2010, 2008a, 2008b, 2007, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002 [20–21, 31, 32–35, 42–43,] |
16 flights x 11 steps (0.155 m height) |
Continuous verbal interaction to Ax SOB/ symptoms; HR; SpO2 |
Pace of pt choice, asked to climb max no steps and stop for exhaustion, limiting SOB, leg fatigue or chest pain |
No steps and time taken, minimum value SpO2, exercise oxygen desaturation (= fall SpO2 < 90% or fall >4%) |
1 |
Physician |
Calculations from test: |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
• Work = (step height in meters x steps per min x body weight in kg x 0.1635)[74] |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
• VO2max (ml/min) = 5.8 x weight in kg + 151 + 10.1 x work) [74] |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
• VO2max corrected for body surface area (ml/min2) = VO2max / max HR |
| Pancieri 2010
[22] |
6 flights x 12 steps (16.9 cm height), 30° incline |
HR, SpO2 |
Climb all steps in the shortest possible time with verbal encouragement between flights. Testing stopped for fatigue, limiting SOB, thoracic pain or exhaustion |
Time taken |
1 |
|
|
| Koegelenberg 2008
[29] |
12 flights x 10 steps (3.48 m b/t floors) |
HR, SpO2 |
Pt asked to climb ‘as fast and as high’ as they possibly could to a max elevation of 20 m |
Altitude, time taken, speed of ascent |
NR |
NR |
Stair climb considered completed if pt rested or more than 3 seconds or reached 20 m height Allowed to use rail only for balance |
| Nikolic 2008
[36] |
92 steps (0.15 m height) |
HR, SpO2 (measured every 20 steps) |
Pace of pt choice, asked to climb max no steps and stop for exhaustion, limiting SOB, leg fatigue or chest pain |
No steps, time taken |
1 |
Physician |
Pt instructed not to use hand-rail |
| Toker 2007
[37] |
20 steps per flight (15 cm height) |
HR, SpO2 |
Pt motivated to do their best and motivation |
SpO2 (pre, post, change), HR (pre, post, change), time taken |
2 |
Resident doctor |
|
| Pate 1996
[38] |
21 steps per flight (17.5 cm height) |
HR, SpO2 |
Moderate pace of pts choice, encouraged to exercise to a symptom-limited max and complete the flight of stairs they were on if possible |
No steps, time taken, altitude (m), reason for stopping |
1 |
NR |
Test considered completed as soon as patient stopped for any reason Pt instructed not to use hand-rail |
| Holden 1992
[41] |
11 steps per flight (0.17 m height) |
SpO2 |
Own pace |
Altitude, time taken |
1 |
Therapist |
Calculations from test: |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
• Work = step height x steps per min x weight in kg x 0.1635 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
• VO2 ml/min = 5.8 x weight in kg + 151 + (10.1 x work) |
|
Physical activity |
Equipment |
|
Location of monitoring |
Outcome |
Duration of Ax |
Position of sensor |
|
| Maddocks 2012
[47] |
Uni-axial accelerometer ActivPALTM monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd., UK) |
Home environment |
Mean daily step count, number of sit-to-stand transitions, time in hrs spent sitting/lying, upright standing and upright stepping |
7 days (6 full days of data) |
Mid-third of anterior thigh of pts chosen leg |
|
|
| Grutsch 2011a, 2011b; Du-Quiton 2010
[48-50] |
Actigraph Piezoelectric Accelerometer (Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., AMI, USA) |
Group 1 (inpt) and group 2 (home environment) |
Mean duration daytime activity (no of vertical/horizontal accelerations per min) |
3-7 days |
Non-dominant wrist |
|
|
| Novoa 2011
[51] |
OMROM Walking Style Pro® pedometer |
Home environment |
Mean daily no total and aerobic steps; mean daily distance walked (km); mean daily time of aerobic activity (min) |
Daytime only, daily Ax while waiting for surgery |
Pedometer attached to waist band or belt |
|
|
| Maddocks 2010
[46] |
Uni-axial accelerometer ActivPALTM monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd., UK) |
Home environment |
Mean daily step count and estimate energy expenditure (METh); acceptability (non-compliance in hours); optimal duration of monitoring |
7 days (6 full days of data) |
Mid-third of anterior thigh of dominant leg |
|
|
|
Physical activity |
Equipment |
|
Location of monitoring |
Outcome |
Duration of Ax |
Position of sensor |
|
| Maddocks 2012
[47] |
Uni-axial accelerometer ActivPALTM monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd., UK) |
Home environment |
Mean daily step count, number of sit-to-stand transitions, time in hrs spent sitting/lying, upright standing and upright stepping |
7 days (6 full days of data) |
Mid-third of anterior thigh of pts chosen leg |
|
|
| Grutsch 2011a, 2011b; Du-Quiton 2010
[48-50] |
Actigraph Piezoelectric Accelerometer (Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., AMI, USA) |
Group 1 (inpt) and group 2 (home environment) |
Mean duration daytime activity (no of vertical/horizontal accelerations per min) |
3-7 days |
Non-dominant wrist |
|
|
| Novoa 2011
[51] |
OMROM Walking Style Pro® pedometer |
Home environment |
Mean daily no total and aerobic steps; mean daily distance walked (km); mean daily time of aerobic activity (min) |
Daytime only, daily Ax while waiting for surgery |
Pedometer attached to waist band or belt |
|
|
| Maddocks 2010
[46] |
Uni-axial accelerometer ActivPALTM monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd., UK) |
Home environment |
Mean daily step count and estimate energy expenditure (METh); acceptability (non-compliance in hours); optimal duration of monitoring |
7 days (6 full days of data) |
Mid-third of anterior thigh of dominant leg |
|
|
|
Muscle strength |
Equipment |
Muscle group movement |
Participant position |
No of assessors |
Number of repeat Ax in testing session |
Experience of assessors |
Additional description |
| Trutschnigg 2008
[28] |
Jamar HGD (Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook), position 3 on handle |
Grip |
Sitting, feet on ground shoulder width apart, Elb 90 ° F, wrist 0°, arm on arm rest [75] |
NR |
1-2 x practice 2 x 3reps actual (mean value used) |
NR |
Dominant hand Patient instructed when to start and stop contraction with a 3 second contraction time No encouragement |
| Brown 2005
[53] |
Square design chair with firm seat 43 cm height and arm rests |
Sit to stand |
Seated |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Pt asked to rise from seated position to fully upright position as fast as they could, if possible without using arm rests |
| Knols 2002
[52] |
Mecmesin FB50K pull-gauge HHD, Mecmesin, England |
Elb E, Knee E |
1. Supine, Elb 90 °F, upper edge pull- attachment perpendicular to ulnar side of forearm distal to caput ulnae, non-elastic belt over ASIS stabilised pt on table |
2 (random order) 30 min interval |
6 x practice 3 x actual (60 second interval) |
Physiotherapist |
Dominant UL and LL Ax – identified by asking participant to throw a ball and kick a ball (preferred stance leg chosen) Figures also provided for both testing positions ‘Make’ test used Pt asked to increase force over 2 seconds and maintain for another 5 seconds |
| 2. sitting edge of table upright no back support, knee 90 °F, stabilise trunk by grasping table, lower edge pull-attachment perpendicular to ant surface tibia, distal to end med mall |
Abbreviations: 1RM, one repetition maximum; 6MWT, six-minute walk test; ant, anterior; ASIS, spinae iliacae ant superiorum; ATS, American Thoracic Society; Ax, assessment; bt, between; cm, centimeters; dyn, dynamometer; E, extension; Elb, elbow; F, flexion; HHD, hand held dynamometer; HGD, hand grip dynamometer; HR, heart rate; hrs, hours; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk test; kg, kilograms; km, kilometers; L, left; LL, lower limb; m, meters; mal, malleolus; max, maximum; med, medial; METh, metabolic equivalent hours; min, minutes; ml, millimetres; NA, not applicable; no, number; NR, not reported; OM, outcome measure; pt, participant; R, right; reps, repetitions; SCT, stair-climb test; SOB, shortness of breath; SpO2, oxygen saturation; UL, upper limb; VE, minute ventilation; VO2 oxygen uptake; VO2max; maximal oxygen consumption; yr, year published.