Table 4.

Linear regression estimates of univariate predictors of mean (SE) increase/reduction (+/-) in PROQOL subscale and global scores (body of table), together with the percent of the score variances explained by fitting joint models of covariate blocks as grouped according to indication of sociodemographic, treatment, biomedical or clinical factors (R²×100)

	Emotional	Health	Social	Intimate	Stigma	Body	Phys. Health & Symptoms	Treatment Impact^	Global
	Distress	Concerns	Relationships	Relationships		Changes
									7-factor^	8-factor
All patients
Mean (SE)	64.89 (2.63)	54.90 (2.64)	72.55 (2.58)	51.63 (2.98)	43.32 (3.10)	66.48 (2.58)	71.36 (2.14)	-	60.62 (2.01)	-
Treated patients
Mean (SE)	65.16 (2.88)	57.69 (2.80)	73.41 (2.79)	52.01 (3.17)	46.66 (3.40)	66.52 (2.73)	71.05 (2.27)	81.08 (1.63)	61.66 (2.21)	64.07 (2.06)
Sociodemographic factors
Male gender	+8.18 (7.43)	+13.56 (7.36)	+2.01 (7.33)	-9.81 (8.41)	+9.77 (8.71)	+4.18 (7.32)	+3.09 (6.05)	+7.36 (4.86)	+4.29 (5.67)	+4.50 (6.18)
Transmission (ref: heterosexual/unknown)
IDU	+11.61 (11.65)	+14.29 (11.65)	-0.89 (11.49)	+2.28 (13.14)	+27.39 (13.43)*	+1.64 (11.49)	+1.29 (9.48)	+3.46 (6.77)	+8.51 (8.89)	+7.60 (8.57)
MSM	+3.51 (5.49)	+3.17 (5.49)	-2.28 (5.42)	-8.60 (6.19)	+8.41 (6.36)	+2.56 (5.42)	-3.01 (4.47)	+4.34 (3.46)	+0.82 (4.21)	+2.20 (4.41)
Caucasian race	+11.38 (6.33)	+18.93 (6.16)†	+4.84 (6.29)	-2.75 (7.29)	+5.98 (7.52)	+10.87 (6.22)	+4.29 (5.20)	+11.34 (4.04)†	+7.52 (4.84)	+9.16 (5.23)
Age >45 years	+9.04 (5.22)	+12.21 (5.16)*	+8.24 (5.13)	+12.32 (5.87)*	+11.00 (6.13)	+5.18 (5.17)	+6.27 (4.25)	+9.25 (3.12)†	+9.02 (3.95)*	+9.23 (4.02)*
Living alone	-0.33 (5.42)	-2.15 (5.42)	-11.91 (5.18)*	-16.74 (5.91)†	-6.87 (6.36)	-2.18 (5.32)	-6.44 (4.35)	+2.82 (3.38)	-7.05 (4.1)	-4.23 (4.29)
Diagnosed <2 years	-0.98 (7.27)	-22.96 (6.91)†	-2.65 (7.13)	-3.79 (8.24)	-18.98 (8.32)*	+4.54 (7.13)	+6.54 (5.86)	-7.04 (5.61)	-5.34 (5.52)	-3.04 (7.12)
Unemployed or	-23.14 (6.54)‡	-5.95 (6.92)	-20.63 (6.49)†	-16.88 (7.69)*	-2.01 (8.14)	-25.92 (6.3)‡	-27.45 (4.91)‡	-10.32 (4.07)*	-17.32 (4.99)‡	-16.34 (5.01)†
sickness benefits
Post-secondary	+8.44 (5.44)	+3.18 (5.5)	-0.4 (5.4)	-0.8 (6.24)	-0.65 (6.47)	+3.03 (5.39)	+8.22 (4.39)	-0.92 (3.42)	+3.2 (4.19)	+2.17 (4.31)
education
Substance use over previous 2 weeks
Tobacco	+1.1 (5.4)	+1.49 (5.4)	-8.65 (5.22)	+6.95 (6.08)	+1.75 (6.37)	-4.62 (5.28)	-7.68 (4.31)	-0.81 (3.31)	-1.69 (4.13)	-1.09 (4.2)
Alcohol	-3.29 (7.46)	+10.37 (7.41)	-0.06 (7.33)	+0.04 (8.47)	-0.96 (8.76)	+4.12 (7.32)	+1.92 (6.06)	+3.18 (4.44)	+1.88 (5.69)	+3.57 (5.6)
Variance explained by sociodemographic factors
(proportion)	18.01%	22.49%	19.64%	20.7%	18.74%	20.69%	32.63%	20.6%	22.61%	21.22%
Treatment factors
On ART	+1.82 (7.47)	+18.94 (7.24)*	+5.92 (7.31)	+2.57 (8.47)	+22.49 (8.46)†	+0.27 (7.33)	-2.08 (6.06)	-	+7.00 (5.65)	-
Current ART (ref: NNRTI)
none	- 3.79 (7.96)	-19.27 (7.74)*	-7.50 (7.80)	-6.44 (8.98)	-15.00 (8.80)	-2.09 (7.82)	-2.99 (6.30)	-	-7.95 (6.04)	-
PI	-4.16 (5.75)	-0.70 (5.59)	-3.35 (5.63)	-8.23 (6.48)	+15.71 (6.37)*	-3.86 (5.65)	-10.76 (4.55)*	-9.93 (3.10)†	-1.99 (4.37)	-2.97 (4.13)
Time on HAART	+0.23 (0.5)	+1.38 (0.47)†	-0.07 (0.49)	-0.04 (0.56)	+1.44 (0.57)*	-0 (0.48)	-0.12 (0.4)	+0.36 (0.28)	+0.43 (0.38)	+0.42 (0.36)
(per year) ^
ART pill burden	-2.78 (2)	-0.68 (1.96)	-2.06 (1.94)	-3.74 (2.18)	+3.06 (2.36)	-2.12 (1.9)	-3.06 (1.55)	-3.36 (1.08)†	-1.56 (1.54)	-1.78 (1.43)
(per tablet/day) ^
ART non-adherent^	-2.48 (7.16)	+2.13 (6.96)	-3.26 (6.93)	-7.21 (7.84)	-2.8 (8.4)	-1.57 (6.79)	-6.58 (5.58)	-9.22 (3.91)*	-2.95 (5.46)	-3.72 (5.07)
On non-ART	-8.00 (5.41)	-2.57 (5.47)	-6.05 (5.34)	-6.45 (6.17)	+8.08 (6.38)	-11.07 (5.26)*	-12.39 (4.26)†	-1.19 (3.34)	-5.35 (4.14)	-4.61 (4.18)
medication
Variance explained by treatment factors
(proportion)	8.33%	20.27%	4.02%	5.39%	17.01%	6.51%	14.28%	26.55%	10.18%	10.18%
Biological factors
Body mass index
(per unit)	-0.01 (0.58)	-0.35 (0.58)	-0.29 (0.57)	+0.20 (0.66)	+0.02 (0.68)	+0.08 (0.57)	-0.18 (0.47)	+0.16 (0.35)	-0.07 (0.44)	-0.01 (0.44)
CD4 count (per 100
T cells)	+0.25 (0.82)	+1.50 (0.81)	+0.30 (0.81)	+1.90 (0.91)*	+0.22 (0.97)	+0.80 (0.80)	+0.42 (0.66)	+0.88 (0.47)	+0.81 (0.62)	+0.84 (0.60)
Detectable viral
load	-9.13 (6.08)	-17.09 (5.92)†	-10 (5.95)	-6.36 (6.94)	-13.05 (7.10)	-5.94 (6.01)	-0.87 (4.99)	-10.52 (4.61)*	-8.79 (4.6)	-10.96 (5.86)
Variance explained by biological factors
(proportion)	2.99%	11.15%	3.31%	4.57%	3.47%	2.07%	2.49%	10.00%	4.80%	5.51%
Clinical factors
Depressive	-27.84 (5.41)‡	-11.26 (5.95)	-19.64 (5.63)‡	-20.76 (6.51)†	+4.91 (7.12)	-17.22 (5.69)†	-24.26 (4.27)‡	-6.49 (3.67)	-16.48 (4.29)‡	-16.42 (4.29)‡
Other comorbidity	-10.5 (5.21)*	+0.27 (5.32)	-3.97 (5.2)	-3.95 (6.02)	+9.49 (6.2)	-7.59 (5.16)	-8.61 (4.23)*	-3.35 (3.27)	-3.35 (4.06)	-4.35 (4.14)
Symptoms
Sexual dysfunction	-26.02 (5.57)‡	-22.06 (5.75)‡	-6.69 (6.00)	-23.14 (6.58)‡	-12.38 (7.11)	-14.88 (5.85)*	-23.6 (4.40)‡	-7.86 (3.73)*	-18.29 (4.31)‡	-16.03 (4.49)‡
Gastrointestinal	-6.73 (1.53)‡	-3.99 (1.63)*	-4.2 (1.59)†	-5.38 (1.82)†	-0.31 (1.97)	-5.63 (1.54)‡	-8.57 (1.05)‡	-3.3 (0.94)‡	-4.95 (1.18)‡	-5.06 (1.15)‡
(per number)
Malaise (per	-8.11 (1.58)‡	-4.75 (1.71)†	-6.44 (1.62)‡	-4.28 (1.97)*	+0.17 (2.09)	-8.29 (1.53)‡	-9.18 (1.11)‡	-2.21 (1.12)	-5.95 (1.22)‡	-5.84 (1.3)‡
number)
Morphological	-4.71 (1.36)‡	-2.2 (1.42)	-2.75 (1.38)*	-5.29 (1.54)‡	-1.04 (1.68)	-4.81 (1.33)‡	-4.97 (1.05)‡	-1.76 (0.84)*	-3.65 (1.03)‡	-3.66 (1.01)‡
(per number)
Other (per number)	-8.39 (2.5)†	-4.6 (2.6)	-5.32 (2.53)*	-4.34 (2.96)	-0.8 (3.15)	-11.06 (2.34)‡	-9.17 (1.93)‡	-2.48 (1.58)	-6.71 (1.93)‡	-7.01 (1.91)‡
Variance explained by clinical factors
(proportion)	37.25%	19.37%	19.68%	21.82%	6.7%	29.97%	62.04%	14.2%	31.92%	33.31%
Variance explained by all factors
(proportion)	63.64%	49.81%	37.24%	46.31%	33.07%	41.26%	75.36%	47.83%	53.01%	55.4%

^Analysis restricted to treated patients only.

P-values: ‡ P<0.001; † 0.001≤P<0.01; * 0.01≤ P<0.05.