Table 1.
List of samples with their information and GenBank accession numbers of derived sequences used in the study
| Subclade (clade)a | Sample code | GenBank ID |
English name | Latin name | Order | Family | Originb | Yr | Pox lesion category | Source for DNA extraction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4b core protein gene sequence | DNA polymerase gene sequence | ||||||||||
| A1 | P1 | KC017960 | KC017850 | Domestic fowl | Gallus domesticus | Galliformes | Phasianidae | Hungary† | 2003 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A1 | P2 | KC017961 | KC017866 | Domestic turkey | Meleagris gallopavo | Galliformes | Phasianidae | Nevada (USA) | 2005 | Cutaneous-oral mucosa | Tissue culture |
| A1 | P3 | KC017962 | KC017867 | Domestic fowl | Gallus domesticus | Galliformes | Phasianidae | Hawaii† (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| A1 | P4 | KC017963 | KC017883 | Superb parrot | Polytelis swainsonii | Psittaciformes | Psittacidae | Chile† | 2004 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| A1 | P5 | KC017964 | KC017851 | Blue-eared pheasant | Crossoptilon auritum | Galliformes | Phasianidae | Hungary† | 2005 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P6 | KC017965 | KC017868 | Rock dove | Columba livia | Columbiformes | Columbidae | Hawaii (USA) | 1994 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P7 | KC017966 | KC017885 | Rock dove | Columba livia | Columbiformes | Columbidae | Georgia (USA) | 1995 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| A2 | P8 | KC017967 | KC017852 | Eastern imperial eagle | Aquila heliaca | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Hungary | 2000 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P9 | KC017968 | KC017853 | Rock dove | Columba livia | Columbiformes | Columbidae | Hungary | 2003 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P10 | KC017969 | KC017854 | Rock dove | Columba livia | Columbiformes | Columbidae | Hungary | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| A2 | P11 | KC017970 | KC017855 | Great bustard | Otis tarda | Gruiformes | Otidae | Hungary | 2003 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P12 | KC017971 | KC017856 | Rock dove | Columba livia | Columbiformes | Columbidae | Hungary | 2005 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P13 | KC017972 | KC017886 | Oriental turtle-dove | Streptopelia orientalis | Columbiformes | Columbidae | South Korea | Unknown | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P14 | KC017973 | KC017887 | Oriental turtle-dove | Streptopelia orientalis | Columbiformes | Columbidae | South Korea | Unknown | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P15 | KC017974 | KC017890 | Great bustard | Otis tarda | Gruiformes | Otidae | Spain | 2003 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P16 | KC017975 | KC017857 | Indian peafowl | Pavo cristatus | Galliformes | Phasianidae | Hungary† | 2003 | Cutaneous-oral mucosa | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P17 | KC017976 | KC017891 | Booted eagle | Hieraaetus pennatus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Spain | 2000 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| A2 | P18 | KC017977 | KC017892 | Red-legged partridge | Alectoris rufa | Galliformes | Phasianidae | Spain | 2000 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A2 | P19 | KC017978 | KC017893 | Red kite | Milvus milvus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Spain | 2003 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| A2 | P20 | KC017979 | KC017894 | Booted eagle | Hieraaetus pennatus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Spain | 2003 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| A2 | P21 | KC017980 | KC017895 | Red-legged partridge | Alectoris rufa | Galliformes | Phasianidae | Spain | 2002 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| A3 | P22 | KC017981 | KC017898 | Southern giant petrel | Macronectes giganteus | Procellariiformes | Procellariidae | Antarctica | 2004 | Cutaneous-oral mucosa | CAM |
| A3 | P23 | KC017982 | KC017899 | Pelagic cormorant | Phalacrocorax pelagicus | Suliformes | Phalacrocoracidae | Alaska (USA) | 1989 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| A3 | P24 | KC017983 | KC017888 | Eurasian eagle owl | Bubo bubo | Strigiformes | Strigidae | South Korea | Unknown | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A3 | P25 | KC017984 | KC017889 | Eurasian eagle owl | Bubo bubo | Strigiformes | Strigidae | South Korea | Unknown | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A3 | P26 | KC017985 | KC017902 | Common murre | Uria aalge | Charadriiformes | Alcidae | Washington (USA) | 1991 | Cutaneous-oral mucosa | Tissue culture |
| A3 | P27 | KC017986 | KC017904 | Laysan albatross | Phoebastria immutabilis | Procellariiformes | Diomedeidae | Midway Islands (USA) | 1983 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| A3 | P28 | KC017987 | KC017905 | Magellanic penguin | Spheniscus magellanicus | Sphenisciformes | Spheniscidae | Argentina | 2007 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A4 | P29 | KC017988 | KC017858 | Peregrine falcon | Falco peregrinus | Falconiformes | Falconidae | Hungary | 2005 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A4 | P30 | KC017989 | KC017859 | Red-footed falcon | Falco vespertinus | Falconiformes | Falconidae | Hungary | 2007 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A5 | P31 | KC017990 | KC017906 | Trumpeter swan | Cygnus buccinator | Anseriformes | Anatidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1991 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| A5 | P32 | KC017991 | KC017920 | Mottled duck | Anas fulvigula | Anseriformes | Anatidae | Texas (USA) | 2005 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A5 | P33 | KC017992 | KC017907 | Blue-winged teal | Anas discors | Anseriformes | Anatidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1991 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| A5 | P34 | KC017993 | KC017908 | Redhead duck | Aythya americana | Anseriformes | Anatidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1991 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| A5 | P35 | KC017994 | KC017924 | Mallard duck | Anas platyrhynchos | Anseriformes | Anatidae | New York (USA) | 1994 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A5 | P36 | KC017995 | KC017909 | Trumpeter swan | Cygnus buccinator | Anseriformes | Anatidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1989 | Unknown | CAM |
| A5 | P37 | KC017996 | KC017910 | Wood duck | Aix sponsa | Anseriformes | Anatidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1991 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A6 | P38 | KC017997 | KC017926 | Mourning dove | Zenaida macroura | Columbiformes | Columbidae | Illinois (USA) | 1993 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| A6 | P39 | KC017998 | KC017928 | Mourning dove | Zenaida macroura | Columbiformes | Columbidae | California (USA) | 1993 | Oral mucosa | Tissue culture |
| A6 | P40 | KC017999 | KC017911 | Mourning dove | Zenaida macroura | Columbiformes | Columbidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1994 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A6 | P41 | KC018000 | KC017912 | Mourning dove | Zenaida macroura | Columbiformes | Columbidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1987 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| A6 | P42 | KC018001 | KC017929 | Rock dove | Columba livia | Columbiformes | Columbidae | California (USA) | 1980 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A6 | P43 | KC018002 | KC017913 | Canada goose | Branta canadensis | Anseriformes | Anatidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1992 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| A7 | P44 | KC018003 | KC017932 | Bald eagle | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Florida (USA) | 1993 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| A7 | P45 | KC018004 | KC017933 | Bald eagle | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Florida (USA) | 1992 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| A7 | P46 | KC018005 | KC017935 | Bald eagle | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Minnesota (USA) | 1993 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A7 | P47 | KC018006 | KC017914 | Red-tailed hawk | Buteo jamaicensis | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1985 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A7 | P48 | KC018007 | KC017934 | Bald eagle | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Florida (USA) | 1989 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| A7 | P49 | KC018008 | KC017860 | Northern goshawk | Accipiter gentilis | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Hungary | 2003 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A7 | P50 | KC018009 | KC017861 | Common buzzard | Buteo buteo | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Hungary | 2000 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A7 | P51 | KC018010 | KC017896 | Red kite | Milvus milvus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Spain | 2000 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| A7 | P52 | KC018011 | KC017900 | Bald eagle | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Alaska (USA) | 1981 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| A7 | P53 | KC018012 | KC017901 | Bald eagle | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Alaska (USA) | 1991 | Oral mucosa | Tissue culture |
| A7 | P54 | KC018013 | KC017915 | Mallard duck | Anas platyrhynchos | Anseriformes | Anatidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1991 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P55 | KC018014 | KC017869 | Canary | Serinus canaria | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii† (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P56 | KC018015 | KC017870 | Canary | Serinus canaria | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii† (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P57 | KC018016 | KC017871 | Canary | Serinus canaria | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii† (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P58 | KC018017 | KC017872 | Canary | Serinus canaria | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii† (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P59 | KC018018 | KC017873 | Apapane | Himatione sanguinea | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P60 | KC018019 | KC017874 | Canary | Serinus canaria | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii† (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P61 | KC018020 | KC017875 | Apapane | Himatione sanguinea | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P62 | KC018021 | KC017876 | Canary | Serinus canaria | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii† (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P63 | KC018022 | KC017936 | Dark-eyed junco | Junco hyemalis hyemalis | Passeriformes | Emberizidae | Utah (USA) | 1986 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| B1 | P64 | KC018023 | KC017938 | House finch | Carpodacus mexicanus | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Arizona (USA) | 1991 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P65 | KC018024 | KC017942 | House finch | Carpodacus mexicanus | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Oregon (USA) | 1995 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P66 | KC018025 | KC017939 | House finch | Carpodacus mexicanus | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Arizona (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P67 | KC018026 | KC017943 | House finch | Carpodacus mexicanus | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Oregon (USA) | 1998 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P68 | KC018027 | KC017944 | House finch | Carpodacus mexicanus | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Oregon (USA) | 1998 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P69 | KC018028 | KC017937 | House finch | Carpodacus mexicanus | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Utah (USA) | 2001 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P70 | KC018029 | KC017940 | House finch | Carpodacus mexicanus | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Arizona (USA) | 2001 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P71 | KC018030 | KC017903 | House finch | Carpodacus mexicanus | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Washington (USA) | 1988 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P72 | KC018031 | KC017945 | American crow | Corvus brachyrhynchos, | Passeriformes | Corvidae | Washington, DC (USA) | 1999 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P73 | KC018032 | KC017877 | House finch | Carpodacus mexicanus | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii (USA) | 1987 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P74 | KC018033 | KC017946 | Medium ground finch | Geospiza fortis | Passeriformes | Emberizidae | Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) | 2008 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P75 | KC018034 | KC017947 | Galapagos mockingbird | Mimus parvulus | Passeriformes | Mimidae | Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) | 2008 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P76 | KC018035 | KC017941 | Northern (masked) bobwhite | Colinus virginianus ridgwayi | Galliformes | Odontophoridae | Arizona (USA) | 1993 | Conjunctiva, infraorbital sinus | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P77 | KC018036 | KC017950 | American crow | Corvus brachyrhynchos | Passeriformes | Corvidae | Massachusetts (USA) | 2008 | spleen | Spleen |
| B1 | P78 | KC018037 | KC017951 | Black-billed magpie | Pica hudsonia | Passeriformes | Corvidae | Colorado (USA) | 1997 | Lung | Lung |
| B1 | P79 | KC018038 | KC017952 | Black-hooded siskin | Carduelis atrata | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | The Netherlands† | 2003 | Cutaneous | Paraffin-embedded tissue |
| B1 | P80 | KC018039 | KC017930 | Common raven | Corvus corax | Passeriformes | Corvidae | California (USA) | 2004 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P81 | KC018040 | KC017953 | American crow | Corvus brachyrhynchos | Passeriformes | Corvidae | Maryland (USA) | 2005 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P82 | KC018041 | KC017931 | Common murre | Uria aalge | Charadriiformes | Alcidae | California (USA) | 1980 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P83 | KC018042 | KC017948 | Medium ground finch | Geospiza fortis | Passeriformes | Emberizidae | Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) | 2008 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P84 | KC018043 | KC017949 | Woodpecker finch | Camarhynchus pallidus | Passeriformes | Thraupidae | Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) | 2008 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P85 | KC018044 | KC017956 | American crow | Corvus brachyrhynchos | Passeriformes | Corvidae | Pennsylvania (USA) | 1999 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P86 | KC018045 | KC017897 | Northern (hen) harrier | Circus cyaneus | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Spain | 2000 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P87 | KC018046 | KC017957 | Common bullfinch | Pyrrhula pyrrhula | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Belgium† | 2008 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P88 | KC018047 | KC017862 | Great tit | Parus major | Passeriformes | Paridae | Hungary | 2007 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P89 | KC018048 | KC017958 | Mississippi sandhill crane | Grus canadensis | Gruiformes | Gruidae | Mississippi (USA) | 1992 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P90 | KC018049 | KC017916 | Swainson's thrush | Catharus ustulatus | Passeriformes | Turdidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1994 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| B1 | P91 | KC018050 | KC017959 | Gray-crowned rosy finch | Leucosticte tephrocotis | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Montana (USA) | 1985 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B1 | P92 | KC018051 | KC017917 | Humboldt penguin | Spheniscus humboldti | Sphenisciformes | Spheniscidae | Wisconsin (USA)† | 2008 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P93 | KC018052 | KC017878 | Hawai'i amakihi | Hemignathus virens | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii (USA) | 1987 | Cutaneous-oral mucosa | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P94 | KC018053 | KC017927 | Dark-eyed junco | Junco hyemalis hyemalis | Passeriformes | Emberizidae | Illinois (USA) | 1986 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P95 | KC018054 | KC017918 | Canada goose | Branta canadensis | Anseriformes | Anatidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1989 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| B1 | P96 | KC018055 | KC017879 | Elepaio | Chasiempis sandwichensis | Passeriformes | Monarchidae | Hawaii (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P97 | KC018056 | KC017880 | Apapane | Himatione sanguinea | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P98 | KC018057 | KC017881 | Apapane | Himatione sanguinea | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P99 | KC018058 | KC017863 | Golden eagle | Aquila chrysaetos | Accipitriformes | Accipitridae | Spain | 2000 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| B1 | P100 | KC018059 | KC017882 | Apapane | Himatione sanguinea | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Hawaii (USA) | 1996 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P101 | KC018060 | KC017884 | Canary | Serinus canaria | Passeriformes | Fringillidae | Chile† | 2008 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| B1 | P102 | KC018061 | KC017921 | Common grackle | Quiscalus quiscula | Passeriformes | Icteridae | Texas (USA) | 1993 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B1 | P103 | KC018062 | KC017922 | Boat-tailed grackle | Quiscalus major | Passeriformes | Icteridae | Texas (USA) | 1989 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B2 | P104 | KC018063 | KC017954 | European starling | Sturnus vulgaris | Passeriformes | Sturnidae | Maryland (USA) | 1984 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| B2 | P105 | KC018064 | KC017919 | European starling | Sturnus vulgaris | Passeriformes | Sturnidae | Wisconsin (USA) | 1985 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B2 | P106 | KC018065 | KC017955 | European starling | Sturnus vulgaris | Passeriformes | Sturnidae | Maryland (USA) | 1985 | Cutaneous | CAM |
| B2 | P107 | KC018066 | KC017864 | Great bustard | Otis tarda | Gruiformes | Otidae | Hungary | 2005 | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B2 | P108 | KC018067 | KC017865 | Common hill myna | Gracula religiosa | Passeriformes | Sturnidae | Hungary† | Unknown | Cutaneous | Skin lesion |
| B3 | P109 | KC018068 | KC017923 | American robin | Turdus migratorius | Passeriformes | Turdidae | Texas (USA) | 2005 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| C | P110 | KC018069 | KC017925 | Yellow-crowned amazon | Amazona ochrocephala | Psittaciformes | Psittacidae | New York† (USA) | 1980 | Cutaneous | Tissue culture |
| C | P111 | AM050383 | KC017849 | Parrot | Undescribed | Psittaciformes | Psittacidae | UK† | Unknown | unknown | Tissue culture |
a
That is, subclades of fowlpox and canarypox clades and the Psittacinepox virus clade in Bayesian analysis of concatenated, 4b, and DNA polymerase gene sequences.
b
†, Samples collected from captive birds (aviaries, zoos, etc.).