Table 1.

Effect of CLA and calcium supplementation on tibial bone parameters¹

Bone parameters	OVX	OVX	OVX	OVX	Sham	Sham	p-value2
	0.5% Ca	0.5% Ca	1.0% Ca	1.0% Ca	1.0% Ca	1.0% Ca
	-	+CLA	-	+CLA	-	+CLA	Pooled SEM	Calcium	CLA	Interaction
ROI3 10%
Total bone content*, mg/mm	1.69c	1.68c	1.67c	1.79c	2.02b	2.32a	0.06	NS3	NS	NS
Total bone density, mg/mm3	397d	410cd	416cd	437c	522b	567a	12.8	0.011	0.049	NS
Cortical bone content, mg/mm	1.26d	1.28d	1.31cd	1.43c	1.66b	1.86a	0.05	NS	NS	NS
Cortical bone density, mg/mm3	803bc	801c	828bc	838b	896a	906a	13.0	0.004	NS	NS
Cortical bone attenuation, cm−1	1.21bc	1.21c	1.24bc	1.25b	1.32a	1.34a	0.02	0.004	NS	NS
Cortical thickness, mm	0.19	0.21	0.24	0.30	0.30	0.29	0.05	NS	NS	NS
Periosteal circumference, mm	7.53a	7.37ab	7.22ab	7.43a	7.04b	7.41a	0.12	NS	NS	NS
SSI polar4	0.34b	0.32b	0.33b	0.35b	0.38a	0.41a	0.01	NS	NS	NS (0.07)
ROI 50%
Total bone content, mg/mm	1.40c	1.45c	1.45c	1.59b	1.57b	1.71a	0.03	0.008	0.008	NS
Total bone density, mg/mm3	762c	763c	774c	815b	863a	834ab	11.7	0.011	NS (0.08)	NS (0.09)
Cortical bone content, mg/mm	1.29d	1.36cd	1.33d	1.44bc	1.46b	1.59a	0.03	NS (0.08)	0.014	NS
Cortical bone density, mg/mm3	1207c	1206c	1207c	1219bc	1237ab	1241a	7.00	NS	NS	NS
Cortical bone attenuation, cm−1	1.70c	1.70c	1.70c	1.71bc	1.74ab	1.74a	0.01	NS	NS	NS
Cortical thickness, mm	0.27c	0.29bc	0.28c	0.30b	0.32a	0.33a	0.01	NS	0.014	NS
Periosteal circumference, mm	4.58	4.65	4.18	4.69	4.47	4.57	0.19	NS	NS	NS
SSI polar	0.17bc	0.18bc	0.17c	0.18b	0.18bc	0.20a	0.01	NS	0.035	NS

¹Means with different superscripts at each variable indicate significant difference at p < 0.05 (n = 11), analysed by one-way ANOVA.

²p-values from 2-way ANOVA are from ovariectomised groups only.

³ROI, Region of Interest; NS, Not significant.

⁴Polar moment of inertia of the total bone area. Initial scout scans were utilised at a scan speed of 30 mm/sec to identify the total bone length and distal end plate of the tibia. Subsequently, high-density scans of the tibia (single axial slices of 0.5 mm thickness, voxel size 0.1 mm, measured diameter 90 mm) were taken at a translation speed of 10 mm/s at 10% and 50% of the approximated segment length proximal to the subchondral endplate of the distal tibia. For image analyses and calculation of the various bone indices, the manufacturer’s software package (version 6.0B) was used. A threshold algorithm (contour mode 31) was used to separate bone from the soft tissue background using a <169 mg/cm³ threshold. Cortical bone properties were assessed at both the 10% and 50% sites using a threshold of 800 mg/cm³.