Fig. 3.

Regulatory elements within PMDs have distinct levels of methylation. DNA methylation analysis for gene regulatory elements within placental PMDs and HMDs. (A–D) Levels of placental DNA methylation within gene bodies (A), promoters (B), promoter CpG islands (C), and gene body CpG islands (D). All four showed significant differences between PMDs and HMDs (Wilcoxon rank sum test P values < 8 × 10⁻¹⁰). For gene body methylation analysis, CpG islands and promoters were first removed. (E) DNA methylation levels on the shores of promoter CpG islands.