Table 2.

Association between social isolation and mortality

Model	Covariates	Social isolation
		HR (95% C.I.)	P value
1	Isolation + age + sex	1.50 (1.30–1.73)	<0.001
2	Isolation + age + sex + demographic factors*	1.32 (1.12–1.54)	<0.001
3	Isolation + age + sex + demographic factors* + health indicators†	1.26 (1.07–1.48)	0.005
4	Model 3 + loneliness	1.26 (1.08–1.48)	0.004

*Demographic factors are wealth, education, marital status, and ethnicity.

^†Health indicator are limiting long-standing illness, mobility impairment, cancer, diabetes, CHD, chronic lung disease, arthritis, stroke, diagnosed depression, and CES-D rating.