Table 3.

Association between loneliness and mortality

Model	Covariates	Loneliness
		HR (95% C.I.)	P value
1	Loneliness + age + sex	1.26 (1.08–1.46)	0.003
2	Loneliness + Age + sex + demographic factors*	1.14 (0.98–1.34)	0.095
3	Loneliness + age + sex + demographic factors* + health indicators†	0.92 (0.78–1.09)	0.34

*Demographic factors are wealth, education, marital status, and ethnicity.

^†Health indicators are limiting long-standing illness, mobility impairment, cancer, diabetes, CHD, chronic lung disease, arthritis, stroke, diagnosed depression, and CES-D rating.