Table 2. Cytokines, peptides and receptors regulating growth and function of eosinophils.
| Cytokine/peptide | Effects on eosinophils | Known receptor/s (R) |
|---|---|---|
| IL-2 | Activation of CD25+ eosinophils† | IL-2RA/CD25 |
| IL-3 | Differentiation, survival, adhesion, migration, activation, priming |
IL-3R/CD123+βC |
| IL-4 | Priming for effects of chemotaxins | IL-4R/CD124 |
| IL-5 | Differentiation, survival, adhesion, migration, activation, priming |
IL-5R/CD125+βC |
| GM-CSF | Differentiation, survival, adhesion, migration, activation, priming |
GM-CSFR/CD116+βC |
| IL-10 | Inhibitory (activation, survival) | IL-10R |
| IL-12 | Inhibitory (activation) | IL-12R |
| IL-13 | Unknown | IL-13R |
| IL-16 | Activation, priming | CD4, CD9(?), CCR3 |
| IL-25 | Survival, activation | IL-25R |
| IL-27 | Survival, activation | IL-27R |
| IL-33 | Adhesion, migration, activation | IL-33R/ST2 |
| VEGF | Chemotaxis, activation | VEGFR-1/FLT-1 |
| Angiopoietin-1 | Chemotaxis, activation? | Tie-2/TEK |
| PDGF | Activation? | PDGFRA/B |
| FGF | Activation? | FGFR1 |
| TGF-β1 | Inhibitory (differentiation, activation) | TGF-β1R |
| TGF-β2 | Inhibitory (differentiation, activation?) | TGF-β2R |
| IFN-α | Inhibitory (growth) | IFN-α-R |
| IFN-γ | Inhibitory (growth, migration) | IFN-γ-R |
| RANTES (CCL5) | Chemotaxis, activation | CCR3 |
| MCP-3 (CCL7) | Chemotaxis, activation | CCR3 |
| MCP-4 (CCL13) | Chemotaxis, activation | CCR3 |
| Eotaxin (CCL11) | Chemotaxis, activation | CCR3 |
| Eotaxin-2 (CCL24) | Chemotaxis, activation | CCR3 |
| Eotaxin-3 (CCL26) | Chemotaxis, activation | CCR3 |
| SDF-1 (CXCL12) | Chemotaxis | CXCR4 |
| PAF | Chemotaxis, activation | PAF-R |
| Complement factors C3a and C5a | Chemotaxis, activation | C3aR, C5aR |
| Toll-like R receptor | Survival, activation | TLR1, 4, 7, 9, 10 |
| VIP | Chemotaxis | VIP-Rs |
| GCs | Inhibitory (activation) | GC R |
†
Eosinophils derived from patients with hypereosinophilic syndromes (activated eosinophils) frequently express CD25.
IL: Interleukin; CCL: Chemokine ligand; GC: Glucocorticosteroid; GM-CSF: Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MCP: Monocyte chemotactic protein; PAF: Platelet-activating factor; R: Receptor; VIP: Vasointestinal peptide.