Table 1.

Primary activities of biomarkers included in the study.

Biomarker	Primary activity
IL-1ra	Inhibits the activities of IL-1b and IL-1a
IL-1b	Induces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha)
IL-4	Aids in production, differentiation and proliferation of B cells and macrophages and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production
IL-6	Increases inflammatory cytokine production
IL-8	Chemotactic for neutrophils and aids in neutrophil activation and degranulation
IL-10	Inhibitor of macrophages
GM-CSF	Promotes clonal maturation of neutrophil and macrophage progenitors and increases functional activity
VEGF	Stimulates angiogenesis
MCP-1	Chemotactic for monocytes and lymphocytes
MIP-1a	Activates granulocytes
MIP-1b	Activates granulocytes
TNF-alpha	Activates macrophages and aids in leucocyte endothelial activation