Table 1.

Epithelial cell changes that result in a profibrotic phenotype by signaling to different cell compartments, which drive kidney fibrosis

Epithelial Cell Activation	Epithelial Cell Signaling
Apoptosis/necrosis	Leukocyte recruitment and activation
Autophagy	Pericyte/myofibroblast activation
Cell cycle arrest	Endothelial cell activation
Metabolic dysregulation and ER stress
“EMT” by SNAIL transcriptional activation
TGF-β activation

ER, endoplasmic reticulum; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.