Hepatic integration of ketogenesis. Integration of hepatic ketogenesis with hepatic TCA cycle, DNL, and pyruvate cycling/glucose metabolism. FAO, β-oxidation of fatty acids; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; OAA, oxaloacetate; ME, malic enzyme; PEPCK, phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PK, pyruvate kinase; PEP, phosphenol pyruvate; CS, citrate synthase; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate.