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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2013 May;27(3):247–257. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12036

Table 3.

Odds Ratios for the Association Between Hearing Loss at Age 18 months and Postnatal Cell Phone Exposure (According to Mothers' Reports)

OR [95% CI]
Unadjusted 0.97 [0.87–1.09]
Adjusted, traditional outcome regression modela 0.98 [0.85–1.12]
Adjusted, marginal structural model with IPWa 0.94 [0.80–1.10]
Adjusted, doubly robust estimation modelb 0.93 [0.79–1.10]
a

Adjustment model or IPW included mother's cell phone use during pregnancy, alcohol use during pregnancy, smoking during pregnancy, fever during pregnancy, mother's age, social-occupational status, breast feeding, ear infection by age 18 months, sex of child, and gestational age at birth.

b

Doubly robust estimation combining covariate adjustment in the traditional outcome regression with IPW application in a marginal structural model using adjustment scheme.