Figure 5.

Effects of PE and ASC on endothelial sprouting. Evaluation of in vitro model of spheroid angiogenesis was performed 24 h after spheroids were embedded in the collagen matrix containing vehicle (CTRL), VEGF 100 ng/mL (VEGF), PE (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/mL), and ascorbic acid (ASC: 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/mL). Cumulative sprout length per spheroid was determined using an image program Cell^∧B as described in Section 2. (a) to (i) are representative photographs of spheroids with different treatments indicated in the figure; (j) bar graph demonstrates cumulative sprout length of all the treatments. *P < 0.05 versus control.