Table 2. .

Growth Factor Upregulation of Cell Cycle and Translational Process Ontologies

Ontology	EGF Genes ↑	EGF Z-Score	BPE Genes ↑	BPE Z-Score	EGF + BPE Genes ↑	EGF + BPE Z-Score
Cell cycle
Cell cycle	147	5.9	231	12.9	167	8.8
Cell cycle arrest	54	5.5	75	8.4	60	7.1
Cell cycle checkpoint	41	5.9	65	10.6	51	8.8
Cell cycle phase	95	5.1	169	13.4	123	9.6
Cell cycle process	112	5.3	190	13.0	138	9.2
Cell division	52	3.9	92	9.9	70	7.7
Cell growth			38	2.2	33	2.3
Cell proliferation	143	5.1	155	4.5	131	4.3
Chromosome			98	7.8	70	4.9
Chromosome, centromeric region			42	8.6	29	5.7
Condensed chromosome	19	2.4	46	9.8	30	6.0
Condensed chromosome kinetochore	11	2.2	27	8.3	18	5.4
Condensed chromosome, centromeric region	12	2.4	29	8.6	20	5.9
DNA replication	34	3.4	57	7.7	44	6.1
G1/S transition checkpoint	12	2.3	14	2.6	12	2.5
G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle	31	4.8	43	7.1	35	6.2
G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle	11	0.5	25	4.4	20	3.7
Interphase	51	4.7	80	9.1	63	7.5
Interphase of mitotic cell cycle	50	4.7	77	8.8	61	7.3
Kinetochore			29	7.9	20	5.3
M phase	56	3.3	112	11.4	79	7.8
M phase of mitotic cell cycle	43	3.3	93	11.8	65	8.1
M/G1 transition of mitotic cell cycle	14	3.1	26	7.2	19	5.4
Mitosis	42	3.3	90	11.6	64	8.2
Mitotic cell cycle	92	5.7	163	14.0	120	10.3
Mitotic cell cycle checkpoint	23	4.1	34	6.8	28	6.0
Mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition checkpoint	12	2.3	14	2.6	12	2.5
Mitotic cell cycle G1/S transition DNA damage checkpoint	11	2.4	13	2.7	10	2.1
Mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition	11	3.5	16	5.4	13	4.7
Mitotic prometaphase			32	9.0	23	6.7
mRNA binding	19	5.4	19	4.8	14	3.6
Positive regulation of cell cycle			16	3.6	12	2.7
Positive regulation of cell cycle process	12	1.2	20	3.4	15	2.5
Positive regulation of cell proliferation	59	3.4	63	2.9
Regulation of cell cycle	87	6.1	121	9.6	93	7.5
Regulation of cell cycle arrest	42	5.8	65	10.2	51	8.4
Regulation of cell cycle process	51	4.9	86	10.5	63	7.7
Regulation of cell proliferation	105	4.1	108	2.9	93	3.0
Regulation of mitosis	15	3.5	21	5.2	18	4.9
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle	34	3.1	54	6.6	40	4.8
Regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity involved in mitotic cell cycle	14	3.2	20	5.0	14	3.4
RNA binding	147	11.6	149	10.2	143	11.8
S phase			38	7.6	28	5.7
S phase of mitotic cell cycle	23	4.2	35	7.1	26	5.4
Translation
Ribonucleoprotein complex	116	13.4	126	12.9	120	13.6
Ribosome	69	15.2	52	9.3	56	11.9
Regulation of translation	25	3.7			26	4.2
Structural constituent of ribosome	67	16.4	47	9.3	55	13.3
Translation	114	14.7	86	8.1	103	13.2
Translation factor activity, nucleic acid binding	22	6.3	16	3.3	19	5.3
Translation initiation factor activity	15	5.8	9	2.2	13	5.0
Translational elongation	54	16.4	36	8.9	47	14.3
Translational initiation	19	6.0	12	2.4	16	4.9
Translational termination	50	16.2	33	8.7	42	13.5

Specific ontologies were selected after analyses of nontransformed data. A Z-score is a statistical rating of the relative expression of gene ontologies, and indicates how much a given ontology is over (positive)– or under (negative)–represented in a designated gene list. In other words, a Z-score is a normalized difference using the expected value and standard deviation of the number of genes.¹⁶ Positive Z-scores represent gene ontology terms with a higher number of genes meeting the criterion than is expected by chance, whereas negative Z-scores indicate gene ontology terms with a lower number of genes meeting the criterion than expected by chance. A Z-score near zero indicates that the number of genes meeting the criterion approximates the anticipated number.¹⁶ In this table, Z-scores with values > 2.0 are reported for selected ontologies with ≥14 genes. Genes ↑, number of genes upregulated in human meibomian gland epithelial cells after treatment with EGF, BPE, or EGF + BPE; Z-score, specific score for the upregulated genes in the growth factor-exposed cells.