Table 3.

Treatment-Effect Regression Results: First Stage (SE in parentheses)

Practice Incentives Tied to Quality Reports	(1)	(2)	(3)
Public reporting (PR) content†
PR contains quality info at individual-physician level	0.579 (0.15)***	0.605 (0.247)**	0.639 (0.091)***
PR does not contain quality info at individual-physician level	0.018 (0.141)	−0.057 (0.274)	0.066 (0.074)
Community-level PR activity
% Pop in private HP with quality reports	0.006 (0.009)	0.006 (0.009)	0.001 (0.002)
Length of physician PR >4 years	−0.426 (0.201)**	0.284 (0.224)	−0.631 (0.129)***
Physician characteristics
No. of physicians in the practice	0.011 (0.017)	0.03 (0.012)**	0.017 (0.018)
Specialist-only practice	−0.046 (0.333)	−0.784 (0.191)***	−0.397 (0.23)*
Practice ownership‡
Owned by larger medical group	0.079 (0.278)	0.169 (0.268)	0.021 (0.307)
Owned by hospital	0.247 (0.105)**	−0.124 (0.177)	0.156 (0.115)
Owned by nonphysician managers	0.091 (0.778)	−0.315 (0.689)	0.624 (0.455)
Owned by other entities	0.348 (0.301)	0.205 (0.267)	−0.273 (0.338)
Patient characteristics
% Patients with limited English	0.016 (0.009)*	−0.004 (0.006)	0.014 (0.003)***
% Patients who are black	0.002 (0.002)	0.003 (0.006)	0.003 (0.003)
% Patients who are Hispanic	−0.007 (0.007)	−0.01 (0.008)	0.008 (0.004)*
Revenue source§
% Revenue: Medicare	−0.005 (0.003)	0.004 (0.005)	−0.002 (0.003)
% Revenue: Medicaid	−0.003 (0.005)	0 (0.006)	0 (0.004)
% Revenue: Other insurance	−0.006 (0.009)	−0.006 (0.008)	−0.007 (0.006)
% Revenue: Self-pay low Inc.	−0.022 (0.006)***	0.018 (0.015)	−0.04 (0.012)***
% Revenue: Self-pay high Inc.	0.017 (0.014)	0.018 (0.022)	0.042 (0.017)**
% Revenue: Other	−0.004 (0.009)	0.004 (0.009)	0.009 (0.006)
Constant	−0.15 (0.357)	−0.134 (0.396)	−1.019 (0.201)***

^†Omitted: No physician PR available.

^‡Omitted: Owned by physicians in practice.

^§Omitted: % Revenue from commercial payers.

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.