Table 1. Cohort Characteristics and Correlates of Disclosure.
| Child Characteristics | Number (percent) or median (IQR) |
p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N=271) |
Disclosed status to child (N=52) |
Not disclosed status to child (N=219) |
||
| Age (years) | 9 (7-12) | 13 (11-15) | 8 (7-11) | <0.001 |
| Female | 138 (50.9) | 31 (59.6) | 107 (48.9) | 0.32 |
| Time since diagnosis (months) | 8.2 (1.5- 20.2) |
9.3 (1.4- 19.2) |
8.1(1.7- 20.9) |
0.75 |
| Recent Hospitalization | 108 (39.9) | 13 (25.0) | 95 (43.4) | 0.03 |
| WHO stage | 0.23 | |||
| I & II | 71 (26.6) | 17 (33.3) | 54 (25.0) | |
| III & IV | 196 (73.4) | 34 (66.7) | 162 (75.0) | |
| Having family member with | ||||
| HIV-related illness | ||||
| Mother | 44 (16.2) | 4 (7.7) | 40 (18.3) | 0.06 |
| Father | 29 (10.7) | 8 (15.4) | 21 (9.6) | 0.22 |
| Sibling | 12 (4.43) | 2 (3.8) | 10 (4.6) | 0.82 |
| Death in family | 171 (63.5) | |||
| Both parents deceased | 53 (19.6) | 16 (30.8) | 37 (16.9) | 0.02 |
| Father deceased | 33 (12.2) | 22 (42.3) | 64 (29.2) | 0.07 |
| Mother deceased | 74 (27.3) | 29 (55.8) | 98 (44.7) | 0.15 |
| Child’s sibling deceased | 20 (7.4) | 1 (1.9) | 19 (8.7) | 0.14 |
| On ART | 171 (63.1) | 34 (66.7) | 137 (62.6) | 0.58 |
| Duration of ART use (months) | 12 (4-24) | 5.5 (0-16) | 3 (0-17) | 0.62 |
| Caregiver Characteristics | Number (percent) or median (IQR) |
p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N=271) | Disclosed status to child (N=52) |
Not disclosed status to child (N=219) |
||
| Age | 35 (31-42) | 40 (33-45) | 35 (30-40) | 0.009 |
| Female | 198 (73.1) | 36 (69.2) | 162 (74.0) | 0.49 |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Ever married | 214 (79.0) | 42 (80.8) | 172 (78.5) | 0.72 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| Primary or less | 79 (29.2) | 19 (36.5) | 60 (27.4) | 0.19 |
| Number of years of | 11 (8-12.5) | 11 (7-13) | 11 (8-12) | 0.48 |
| education | ||||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Monthly rent (Ksh) | 3000 (1500- 6000) |
3750(2500 5000) |
3000 (1500- 6000) |
0.45 |
| Size of house (number of rooms) |
3 (1-4) | 3 (2-5) | 2 (1-4) | 0.07 |
| Household person density |
5 (3-6) | 5 (3-6) | 5 (3-6) | 0.8 |
| Toilet type | 0.81 | |||
| Pit | 131 (48.2) | 26 (50.0) | 105 (47.9) | |
| Flush | 139 (51.3) | 26 (50.0) | 113 (51.6) | |
| Shared toilet with other households |
136 (50.2) | 24 (48.0) | 112 (51.1) | 0.69 |
| Relationship to child | 0.39 | |||
| Biological mother | 106 (39.1) | 16 (30.8) | 90 (41.1) | |
| Biological father | 54 (19.9) | 12 (23.1) | 42 (19.2) | |
| Grandmother/Other | 111 (41) | 24 (46.2) | 87 (39.7) | |
|
Duration non-parent
caregiver has cared for child (months) |
48 (24-84) | 0 (0-55) | 0 (0-36) | 0.25 |
|
Other children in household
Frequency of travel out of town |
2 (1-3) | 2 (1-4) | 2 (1-3) | 0.51 |
| Travels at least monthly | 50 (18.5) | 15 (28.8) | 35 (16.0) | 0.03 |
| Have had an HIV test | 190 (70.1) | 32 (61.5) | 158 (72.1) | 0.13 |
| Caregiver HIV status | 0.03 | |||
| Negative | 78 (28.8) | 19 (36.5) | 60 (27.4) | |
| Positive | 112 (41.3) | 13 (25.0) | 99 (45.2) | |
| Unknown | 81 (29.9) | 20 (38.5) | 60 (27.4) | |
| Willing to have an HIV test† | 56 (69.1) | 11 (57.9) | 46 (85.2) | 0.02 |
|
Having another HIV infected
household member |
119 (44.4) | 16 (30.8) | 103 (47.0)) | 0.03 |
|
Preferred age of disclosure
(years) |
12 (10-14) | 12 (10-13) | 12 (10-14) | 0.19 |
|
Disclosed child’s status to
others |
||||
| Father | 98 (36.1) | 14 (26.9) | 84 (38.4) | 0.12 |
| Mother | 62 (22.9) | 10 (19.2) | 52 (23.7) | 0.49 |
| Sibling | 28 (10.3) | 10 (19.2) | 18 (8.2) | 0.02 |
| Relative | 141 (52.0) | 32 (61.5) | 109 (49.8) | 0.13 |
| Non-family members | 15 (5.5) | 1 (1.9) | 14 (6.4) | 0.32 |
| Other | 21 (7.8) | 6 (11.5) | 15 (6.8) | 0.26 |
| None | 20 (7.4) | 5 (9.6) | 15 (6.8) | 0.55 |
|
Disclosure of own status to
child by HIV-infected caregiver** |
8 (7.1) | 4 (36.4) | 4 (4.1) | 0.003 |
|
Disclosure of own status to
others by HIV-infected caregiver** |
||||
| Caregiver’s siblings | 2 (1.8) | 0 0.0 | 2 (2.0) | 1 |
| Relatives | 36 (32.1) | 4 (30.8) | 32 (32.3) | 1 |
| Non-family members | 5 (4.5) | 0 0.0 | 5 (5.1) | 1 |
| Other | 15 (13.4) | 2 (15.4) | 13 (13.1) | 0.69 |
| None | 19 (17.0) | 4 (30.8) | 15 (15.2) | 0.23 |
*
Among N=105 children who were hospitalized during the past year
†
Among n=81 not already tested for HIV
*
Among those tested for HIV
**
Among HIV-infected caregivers