Table 1.
Detection of Allee effects (AE) and pack-population size relationships in Lycaon pictus (Y: yes and N: no Allee effect detected)
| Courchamp et al. 2000 [[28]] | Courchamp & Macdonald 2001 [[33]] | Courchamp et al. 2002 [[26]] | Creel & Creel 2002 [[34]] | Creel et al. 2004 [[35]] | Carbone et al. 2006 [[36]] | Buettner et al. 2007 [[37]] | McNutt & Silk 2008 [[38]] | Rasmussen et al. 2008 [[27]] | Somers et al. 2008 [[29]] | Gusset & Macdonald 2010 [[39]] | Wodroffe 2011 [[32]] | This study | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic AE |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N |
|
N |
N |
|
| Component AE |
Survival pups |
|
Y |
Y |
Y/N |
Y |
|
|
Y |
|
N |
N |
N |
Y |
| |
Survival yearlings |
|
|
|
N |
|
|
Y |
|
|
N |
N |
N |
N |
| |
Survival adults |
|
|
|
N |
|
|
|
|
|
N |
N |
N |
N |
| |
Survival dispersers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N |
|
|
Y |
| |
Dispersal group size |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N |
|
|
N |
| |
Breeding - success |
|
|
|
|
|
|
N |
|
|
|
|
N |
|
| |
Breeding - litter size |
|
Y |
|
Y |
Y |
|
Y |
Y |
Y |
N |
Y |
Y |
Y |
| |
Hunting - success |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
N |
|
|
|
|
| |
Hunting - efficiency |
|
Y |
Y |
Y |
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Pup guarding |
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Energetic balance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
| Group AE |
Pack extinction |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
N |
|
| |
Pack formation |
Y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
Y |
| |
Life span |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
| |
Growth rate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
| Allee threshold 1 |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Allee threshold 2 |
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N |
4 |
|
| Pop. size vs pack size |
|
|
|
N |
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
|
N |
N |
|
| Country |
- |
- |
Z |
T |
SAk,T,B |
T |
SAk |
B |
Z |
SAh |
SA |
K |
Z |
|
| Area (km2) |
- |
- |
5500 |
2600 |
9480 |
- |
- |
- |
5500 |
900 |
380 |
- |
6000 |
|
| Date range |
- |
- |
94-99 |
91-96 |
89-03 |
64-87 |
89-04 |
15 y |
94-02 |
80-04 |
95-06 |
00-08 |
89-02 |
|
| Population trend |
- |
- |
I |
S |
- |
D |
- |
- |
I |
Ri |
Ri |
Rc |
I |
|
| Pop size range (# indiv) |
- |
- |
- |
880 |
>700 |
- |
- |
700-986 |
- |
3-31 |
- |
10-200 |
7-53 |
|
| Pack size range (# indiv) | - | - | - | 3-20 | 6-13 | - | - | 2-30 | - | 2-24 | 2-17 | 3-21 | 2-15 | |
Before 2000, literature on the effects of pack size is reviewed by Courchamp & Macdonald [33]. More information on each parameter of each paper can be found in Additional file 1. Because Creel et al. [35] studied 3 different populations, the data for the area is the sum of the three areas, but for date, population and pack size range, we took the highest range between the three populations. Allee threshold 1 refers to the number of packs in the population. Allee threshold 2 refers to the size of the pack. Countries: B: Botswana; K: Kenya; SA: South Africa (k: Kruger National Park; h:Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park); T: Tanzania; Z: Zimbabwe. Population trend: D: decreasing, I: increasing, Ri: reintroduced, Rc: recolonization, S: stable.