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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2013 Feb 13;5(3):307–342. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1212

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Common congenital anomalies of the ureter. (a) Two main causes of hydronephrosis and hydroureter: vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) caused by defects of anti-reflux mechanism is on the left side and urinary obstruction caused by abnormal structure of the ureterovesical junction (UVJ) is on the right side. (b–d) Early abnormal ureteric budding can lead to congenital anomalies of the ureter: Abnormal multiple ureteric buds formation from the right Wolffian duct (b) can lead to abnormal phenotypes including duplex ureter, dysplastic kidney (c), ectopic kidney, duplex kidney, duplex ureter, short ureter, which are often associated with hydronephrosis phenotype on the right side (d), compared to the normal ureteric buds development on the left side. Each of these malformations can be found separately or coexist with other types of anomalies.