Table 5.

Parameter Estimate (β ± SE) of Health Outcomes Over Time by SOP Latent Classa

Variable	Time	Class		Class × Time	Analytical sample size
BADL	0.002±0.0109	1	−1.372±0.8563	0.994±0.4613 *	2,465
		2	0.142±0.1250	−0.011±0.0301
		3	−0.018±0.0635	−0.008±0.0164
IADL	−0.221±0.0363	1	−1.268±1.4905	1.273±0.5756 *	2,465
		2	−1.074±0.5125	0.407±0.1157 ***
		3	−0.428±0.3576	0.202±0.0770 **
Grip strength	−0.080±0.1621	1	1.118±1.5797	−2.147±0.9095 *	1,668
		2	0.989±0.9043	−1.219±0.3810 **
		3	0.085±0.6161	−0.572±0.2462 *
Physical functioning	−0.604±0.1366	1	2.399±2.8647	−0.749±1.4346	2,306
		2	−3.098±1.3223	0.014±0.3102
		3	−1.380±0.7824	0.023±0.1792
Mental functioning	−0.184±0.0987	1	−5.795±4.1045	1.293±1.2155	2,306
		2	0.282±0.9589	−0.293±0.2691
		3	−0.704±0.5972	0.060±0.1546

Notes. Bold indicates significant p value. BADL = basic activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; SE = standard error; SOP = speed of processing. Controlling for age, gender, years of education, group assignment, booster sessions, recruitment site, race, depression, heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, smoke, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia.

^aClass 4 is the referent group.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.