Table 2.

Odds Ratios of Activities of Daily Living Disability by Study Variables in Shanghai Elders (1998–2008)

	Model I	Model II	Model III	Model IV	Model V
Year 2003 (1998)	1.00	1.02	1.03	1.00	0.95
Year 2005 (1998)	0.78*	0.80	0.82	1.03	0.79
Year 2008 (1998)	0.64***	0.72**	0.68**	0.83	0.77
Age	1.22***	1.21***	1.20***	1.16***	1.16***
Women	1.34**	1.15	1.12	0.87	0.62**
Rural	0.83	0.66***	0.78	0.73*	0.98
Good economic status		0.44***	0.45***	0.78*	0.76**
1–9 years of schooling (0)		0.85	0.83	1.23	1.19
10+ years of schooling (0)		0.76	0.73*	1.11	1.09
Married			0.86	1.02	1.02
Satisfaction with children support			0.70***	0.88	0.90
Free public medical insurance			1.26	1.06	1.09
Comorbidity				1.45***	1.45***
Unhealthy symptom				1.14***	1.15***
Depressive symptom				1.16***	1.14***
Cognitive impairment				1.47***	1.49***
2003 × female					1.60*
2005 × female					2.00**
2008 × female					1.22
2003 × rural					0.48**
2005 × rural					0.65
2008 × rural					1.65
Ρ	0.47***	0.46***	0.46***	0.35***	0.36***
–LL	3655.24***	3614.68***	3601.70***	3168.99***	3154.01***

Note. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.