Table 2.

Multilevel Regression Results for Intergenerational Ambivalence Among Chinese Rural Elderly Population (N = 4,396)

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Fixed effects
Intercept	−1.09***	0.051	−4.27**	1.39	−4.38*	1.64	−4.29**	1.53
Children’s attributes
Age			0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Sons			0.67***	0.05	0.67***	0.05	0.73***	0.05
Married			0.03	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.05
Educationa
Primary school			−0.08	0.06	−0.08	0.06	−0.09	0.06
Junior high school			−0.06	0.07	−0.06	0.07	−0.09	0.07
Senior high school			−0.14	0.11	−0.12	0.11	−0.09	0.11
Occupationb
Professionals/entrepreneurs			−0.31**	0.10	−0.30**	0.10	−0.28**	0.10
Workers/services			−0.09	0.06	−0.09	0.06	−0.11*	0.06
Others			0.10	0.11	0.10	0.11	0.07	0.11
Had economic difficulties			0.11	0.06	0.12	0.06	0.12	0.06
Urban hukou status			−0.46***	0.09	−0.46***	0.09	−0.71***	0.11
Geographic distance from the parent			−0.04*	0.02	−0.04*	0.02	−0.04*	0.02
Frequency of contact with the parent			0.04*	0.02	0.04*	0.02	0.04*	0.02
Support from parents to children
Net monetary transfer			0.35**	0.14	0.35**	0.14	0.35**	0.14
Help with childcare			0.23***	0.06	0.23***	0.06	0.22***	0.06
Parent’s attributes
Age					0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01
Mothers					−0.15	0.12	−0.15	0.12
Married					0.10	0.13	0.10	0.13
Educated					−0.09	0.12	−0.09	0.12
Income (Ln + 1)					−0.01	0.02	−0.01	0.02
Functional health difficulties					0.00	0.01	0.00	0.02
Interactions
Son × urban hukou status							−0.49***	0.14
Random effects
Intercept	2.53	0.13	2.48	0.12	2.49	0.12	2.49	0.12
Residual	1.53	0.04	1.42	0.04	1.42	0.04	1.42	0.04

Notes. ^aReference category is illiterate.

^bReference category is farmers.

* p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001 (two tailed).