Table 1.
Demographic Features and Raw Scores on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) for Schizophrenia Patients, Their Nonpsychotic Relatives, and Normal Comparisons
| Multiplex Families | Simplex Families | Normal Comparisons (n = 440) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Patients (n = 985) | Parents (n = 601) | Siblings (n = 283) | Patients (n = 149) | Parents (n = 205) | Siblings (n = 77) | |||
| Male gender | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| 616 (63) | 268 (45) | 149 (53) | 90 (60) | 84 (41) | 40 (52) | 191 (43) | |||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Age (years) | 35.0 (7.7) | 63.0 (8.7) | 36.7 (8.7) | 31.7 (8.0) | 56.3 (7.8) | 33.4 (9.2) | 39.9 (15.7) | ||
| Education (years) | 10.9 (3.2) | 5.5 (4.2) | 11.7 (3.5) | 12.6 (3.0) | 9.6 (4.3) | 14.0 (3.5) | 12.8 (4.2) | ||
| WCST raw score | |||||||||
| Total errors | 71.1 (25.1) | 75.1 (22.5) | 49.3 (24.9) | 58.0 (26.3) | 56.7 (23.3) | 39.9 (22.3) | 45.1 (22.4) | ||
| Perseverative responses | 52.6 (38.6) | 50.1 (36.2) | 34.4 (29.7) | 39.3 (30.9) | 37.9 (27.7) | 24.1 (18.0) | 26.6 (21.3) | ||
| Perseverative errors | 42.7 (28.0) | 41.1 (26.0) | 29.1 (21.9) | 33.0 (22.6) | 32.2 (20.5) | 21.1 (14.2) | 23.4 (16.2) | ||
| Nonperseverative errors | 28.4 (24.1) | 34.0 (27.5) | 20.2 (15.3) | 25.0 (20.2) | 24.5 (16.2) | 18.8 (13.4) | 21.7 (13.9) | ||
| Categories achieved | 2.1 (2.7) | 1.6 (2.1) | 4.6 (3.3) | 3.6 (3.2) | 3.6 (3.0) | 6.2 (3.3) | 5.0 (3.3) | ||
| Conceptual level responses (%) | 28.5 (25.1) | 25.0 (21.8) | 50.6 (25.7) | 41.6 (27.2) | 42.5 (24.2) | 61.0 (23.7) | 54.7 (23.7) | ||
| Trials to complete first category | 69.8 (54.1) | 70.2 (54.2) | 36.5 (40.2) | 45.0 (47.8) | 38.9 (41.3) | 27.7 (31.7) | 34.5 (36.5) | ||
| Failure to maintain set | 0.8 (1.3) | 1.0 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.1 (1.3) | 1.2 (1.4) | 0.8 (1.1) | 1.3 (1.4) | ||
| Learning to learna | −4.7 (10.6) | −8.7 (11.4) | −2.2 (8.1) | −2.0 (7.5) | −5.2 (9.9) | 0.4 (4.3) | −0.5 (7.4) | ||
aParticipants whose scores could be derived for this index include 409 patients, 199 parents, and 207 siblings for multiplex families; 88 patients, 133 parents, and 64 siblings for simplex families; and 112 for normal comparisons.