Table 2.

Measures to Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis.^*

Evidence of Efficacy and Safety	Evidence of Efficacy but Questionable Safety	Evidence of Efficacy in Animal Models but Not in Humans	Proposed Efficacy but Lacking Evidence
Breast-milk feeding	Enteral aminoglycosides	Anticytokines	Prebiotics (derived from plants and breast milk)
Nonaggressive enteral feeding	Probiotics	Growth factors	Microbial components and toll-like-receptor agonists
	Glucocorticoids Arginine		Glutamine, n-3 fatty acids

^*Adapted from Grave et al.² and Neu.²⁰