Results were similar for each cluster hence are combined here. Red filled circles and blue squares represent those children who either a. spent more education-related time with father (of these, only one spent total time more with their father), which showed similar effects as plotting those who spent more total time with father, b. are left-handed, c. first-graders at the time of testing, or d. were in Phase I (entered study in 2008 Summer) as opposed to Phase II (entered study in 2009 Summer). While the plots only show qualitatively how these factors were not driving our results, the results are consistent with the primary analyses where we regressed out these effects (a, b, c and d) or excluded these particular children from the analyses (a, b and c).