1, Seventh cervical vertebra of a turkey, Meleagris gallopavo
Linnaeus, 1758, traced from photographs by MPT. 2, Fifth cervical vertebra of the abelisaurid theropod Majungasaurus crenatissimus
Depéret, 1896, UA 8678, traced from O’Connor (2007, figures 8 and 20). In these taxa, the epipophyses and cervical ribs are aligned with the expected vectors of muscular forces. The epipophyses are both larger and taller than the neural spine, as expected based on their mechanical importance. The posterior surface of the neurapophysis is covered by a large rugosity, which is interpreted as an interspinous ligament scar like that of birds (O’Connor, 2007). Because this scar covers the entire posterior surface of the neurapophysis, it leaves little room for muscle attachments to the spine. 3, Fifth cervical vertebra of Alligator mississippiensis
Daudin, 1801, MCZ 81457, traced from 3D scans by Leon Claessens, courtesy of MCZ. Epipophyses are absent. 4, Eighth cervical vertebra of Giraffatitan brancai (Janensch, 1914) paralectotype MB.R.2181, traced from Janensch (1950, figures 43 and 46). Abbreviations: cr, cervical rib; e, epipophysis; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis.