Table 1. Effects of eugenol on IAV-induced oxidative stress.

Goup	GSH(nmol GSH/g tissue)	MDA(nmol/mg prot)	NO(nmol/mg prot )	ROS(fold change to theuntreated group)
untreated	28.05±2.92**	0.057±0.013**	30.09±2.10**	1.00±0.00**
virus only	14.92±2.48	0.237±0.050	81.70±9.05	1.92±0.09
ribavirin	22.36±1.73*	0.141±0.047**	66.62±3.99*	1.64±0.08*
Eug	24.15±4.99**	0.086±0.016**	58.66±7.57**	1.32±0.07**
Goup	T-SOD(U/mg prot	GR(nmol NADPH oxidized)	CAT(nmol H2O2 consumed/ min/mg protein )	GSH-Px(103U/mg prot)
untreated	6.74±1.45**	96.99±7.34**	58.06±2.32**	2.13±0.27
virus only	2.73±0.64	51.51±5.96	28.75±7.30	2.20±0.20
ribavirin	4.15±0.94	80.48±3.58**	38.92±2.72*	2.71±0.21*
Eug	4.63±0.93*	89.65±3.69**	49.27±3.86**	3.15±0.33**

In the blank group (untreated), A549 cells were not infected with IAV (A/ShanTou/169/06(H1N1)). In the negative control group (virus only), A549 cells were infected, but not treated with any drugs. In the positive control (ribavirin) and Eug groups, A549 cells were infected, and treated with ribavirin (25 µg/ml) and eugenol (5 µg/mL), respectively. The infection time was 24 h, MOI = 0.001. Each value represents mean ± SD, n = 6.

^* P<0.05 and

^** P<0.01 vs. the negative control group (virus only).