A. Total RNA was extracted from neocortical tissue of control, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson’s disease (PD) cases and examined by real-time PCR for expression of RNF11 mRNA. Values expressed are mean comparative cycle threshold ± SEM with GUSB levels as an internal control. **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001 from control. B. Frontal cortex from control and PD cases was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against RNF11. Scale bar: 50 µM. Bottom right panel, scale bar: 25 µM. C, D. Substantia nigra from control (C) and PD cases (D) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against RNF11. Top row in each, scale bar: 100 µM. Bottom row in each, scale bar: 25 µM.