Table 1.

Mean (standard deviation) of internal contact forces, external knee loads, and external EMG values corresponding to first and second peaks of total contact force. Statistically significant differences relative to normal gait based on a Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05) are indicated in bold text.

		Normal Gait		Medial Thrust Gait		Walking Pole Gait		Trunk Sway Gait
Quantity	Type	Peak 1	Peak 2	Peak 1	Peak 2	Peak 1	Peak 2	Peak 1	Peak 2
Contact Force (BW)	Medial force	1.33 (0.14)	1.09 (0.09)	1.61 (0.17)	0.85 (0.22)	1.55 (0.15)	1.04 (0.08)	1.67 (0.19)	0.79 (0.19)
	Lateral force	1.01 (0.14)	1.33 (0.13)	1.67 (0.12)	1.53 (0.11)	1.18 (0.13)	1.39 (0.07)	1.50 (0.18)	1.24 (0.22)
	Total force	2.30 (0.27)	2.35 (0.14)	3.20 (0.22)	2.33 (0.30)	2.70 (0.22)	2.37 (0.16)	3.09 (0.45)	1.97 (0.26)
Net Load (BW or %BWHt)	Superior force	1.14 (0.01)	0.94 (0.04)	1.16 (0.02)	0.89 (0.02)	1.19 (0.02)	0.89 (0.05)	1.24 (0.10)	0.86 (0.08)
	Adduction moment	1.92 (0.06)	1.13 (0.37)	0.35 (0.23)	0.39 (0.15)	1.93 (0.13)	0.88 (0.20)	1.57 (0.32)	0.32 (0.25)
	Flexion moment	3.21 (0.49)	-0.60 (0.25)	5.06 (0.54)	0.45 (0.41)	4.78 (0.53)	-0.26 (0.35)	5.48 (0.42)	-0.32 (0.40)
EMG Signal (Normalized)	Biceps femoris	0.38 (0.15)	0.05 (0.04)	0.20 (0.10)	0.05 (0.04)	0.13 (0.03)	0.02 (0.00)	0.20 (0.11)	0.02 (0.01)
	Vastus medialis	0.27 (0.09)	0.03 (0.02)	0.39 (0.11)	0.02 (0.01)	0.28 (0.12)	0.02 (0.01)	0.37 (0.12)	0.02 (0.02)
	Vastus lateralis	0.53 (0.15)	0.15 (0.08)	0.49 (0.12)	0.08 (0.08)	0.41 (0.10)	0.04 (0.02)	0.46 (0.09)	0.06 (0.05)
	Rectus femoris	0.12 (0.02)	0.14 (0.03)	0.11 (0.03)	0.05 (0.02)	0.07 (0.02)	0.05 (0.04)	0.09 (0.01)	0.03 (0.01)
	Medial gastroc	0.17 (0.13)	0.40 (0.04)	0.24 (0.07)	0.31 (0.12)	0.36 (0.10)	0.31 (0.14)	0.24 (0.12)	0.24 (0.19)
	Lateral gastroc	0.14 (0.12)	0.37 (0.13)	0.09 (0.03)	0.18 (0.03)	0.11 (0.03)	0.24 (0.10)	0.09 (0.03)	0.11 (0.06)
	Tensor fasciae latae	0.21 (0.09)	0.40 (0.14)	0.19 (0.08)	0.09 (0.03)	0.18 (0.03)	0.18 (0.05)	0.19 (0.06)	0.11 (0.05)