Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and average 4-year change of beverages among 108 708 US women and men in the three prospective cohorts
| Variables | Nurses’ Health Study (n = 50 013 women) |
Nurses’ Health Study II (n = 52 987 women) |
Health Professionals Follow-up Study (n = 21 988 men) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Baseline | Changes within each 4-year period |
Baseline | Changes within each 4-year period |
Baseline | Changes within each 4-year period |
|
| Age, y | 51.8 (41.0 to 63.0) | - | 37.7 (30.0 to 44.0) | - | 50.6 (40.0 to 63.0) | - |
| Weight, kg | 67.0 (50.4 to 91.8) | 1.08 (−2.25 to 4.80) | 67.2 (49.5 to 99.0) | 2.10 (−1.35 to 6.75) | 80.4 (64.8 to 101.3) | 0.72 (−2.25 to 3.83) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 (19.6 to 34.1) | 0.41 (−0.90 to 1.83) | 24.9 (19.1 to 36.3) | 0.78 (−0.48 to 2.50) | 25.3 (21.2 to 30.8) | 0.23 (−0.75 to 1.20) |
| Overweight, n (%) | 15531 (31.1) | 13444 (25.4) | 10111 (46.0) | |||
| Obesity, n (%) | 7981 (16.0) | 10674 (20.1) | 2021 (9.2) | |||
| Physical activity, MET-hr/wk |
14.2 (0.4 to 49.0) | 1.67 (−8.8 to 14.5) | 20.3 (0.9 to 64.9) | −0.10 (−16.7 to 15.1) | 21.7 (0.4 to 68.8) | 6.5 (−8.6 to 31.9) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Never smoked | 22231 (44.5) | - | 33880 (63.9) | - | 10973 (49.9) | - |
| Past smoker | 19264 (38.5) | - | 13049 (24.6) | - | 8957 (40.7) | - |
| Current smoker | 8428 (16.9) | - | 6004 (11.3) | - | 1753 (8.0) | - |
| Missing data | 90 (0.2) | - | 54 (0.1) | - | 305 (1.4) | - |
| Alcohol intake, drinks/d | 0.51 (0 to 2.5) | −0.03 (−0.39 to 0.21) | 0.27 (0 to 1.14) | 0.04 (−0.11 to 0.27) | 0.90(0 to 3.21) | 0.00 (−0.47 to 0.43) |
| Sleep duration, hr/d | 7.0 (6.0 to 8.0) | - | 7.0 (5.0 to 9.0) | - | 7.2 (6.0 to 9.0) | - |
| Television watching, hr/wk | 4.3 (2.0-6.0) | - | 8.9 (1.0 to 30.5) | 0.36 (−3.50 to 4.75) | 10.9 (3.5 to 30.5) | −0.28 (−5.25 to 5.00) |
| Beverage intake, serving/d | ||||||
| Plain water | 2.67 (0.07 to 6.00) | 0.13 (−1.00 to 1.45) | 2.69 (0 to 6.0) | 0 (−1.09 to 0.88) | 2.54 (0.14 to 6.0) | −0.04 (−1.04 to 0.93) |
| Coffee | 2.44 (0 to 6.0) | −0.19 (−1.18 to 0.54) | 1.69 (0 to 5.0) | −0.10 (−0.84 to 0.47) | 1.95 (0 to 5.5) | −0.07 (−0.93 to 0.67) |
| SSB | 0.24 (0 to 1.07) | 0 (−0.22 to 0.25) | 0.46 (0 to 2.5) | −0.04 (−0.36 to 0.20) | 0.37(0 to 1.36) | −0.01 (−0.28 to 0.22) |
| Fruit juice | 0.83 (0 to 2.29) | 0.05 (−0.40 to 0.57) | 0.62 (0 to 2.0) | −0.04 (−0.36 to 0.25) | 0.78(0 to 2.43) | −0.01 (−0.40 to 0.45) |
| Whole-fat milk | 0.15 (0 to 1.0) | −0.03 (−0.22 to 0.01) | 0.07 (0 to 0.43) | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.13 (0 to 0.79) | −0.03 (−0.19 to 0.01) |
| Low-fat milk | 0.76 (0 to 2.5) | 0.05 (−0.47 to 0.63) | 0.94 (0 to 2.5) | −0.04 (−0.52 to 0.38) | 0.73 (0 to 2.5) | −0.09 (−0.63 to 0.33) |
| Tea | 0.60 (0 to 2.5) | 0.05 (−0.49 to 0.66) | 0.74 (0 to 2.5) | 0.04 (−0.52 to 0.63) | 0.45 (0 to 2.5) | 0.01 (−0.40 to 0.47) |
| Diet beverage | 0.52 (0 to 2.5) | −0.01 (−0.41 to 0.39) | 1.06 (0 to 4.5) | −0.06 (−0.63 to 0.41) | 0.51 (0 to 2.5) | 0 (−0.36 to 0.38) |
Data were expressed as mean (5th to 95th percentile) or specified. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MET: metabolic equivalent task; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.