. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Apr 17.

Published in final edited form as: J Cogn Neurosci. 2011 Aug 23;24(2):451–463. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00116

Table 1.

Neuropsychological test results

	Cognitive Processing	Younger adults	Older adults	t
MMSE	Screen for dementia	30 (0.0)	29.3 (.8)	−2.84^*^†
WAIS-III vocabulary	Vocabulary	62.4 (6.7)	67.9 (5.7)	2.14^*
WAIS-III digit symbol coding	Processing speed	93.6 (14.8)	60.7 (13.7)	−5.55^**
WAIS-III digit symbol pairing	Cued recall	15.5 (3.5)	10.4 (5.0)	−2.77^*
WAIS-III digit symbol recall	Free recall	8.0 (1.3)	7.0 (1.4)	NS
WAIS-III logical memory (unit)	Verbal memory	49.6 (11.0)	45.8 (6.4)	NS
WAIS-III logical memory (thematic)	Verbal memory	18.7 (2.8)	19.0 (2.0)	NS
WAIS-III digit span forward	Working memory	12.4 (2.5)	11.8 (2.0)	NS
WAIS-III digit span backward	Working memory	7.4 (2.6)	9.0 (2.6)	NS
COWAT-FAS Sum	Verbal fluency	47.6 (12.2)	46.0 (12.5)	NS
USC-REMT free recall correct	Free recall	33.1 (4.9)	24.9 (5.1)	−3.68^*
USC-REMT free recall repetitions	Free recall	2.6 (2.6)	2.7 (3.6)	NS
USC-REMT free recall intrusions	Free recall	.6 (1.0)	1.0 (.9)	NS
WJ-III Word Attack SS	Reading ability	27.8 (2.4)	27.5 (1.4)	NS
WJ-III Word Identification SS	Reading ability	72.7 (2.8)	74.2 (1.7)	NS

Notes. All scores are given as mean (SD), with neuropsychological test scores based on raw data except where standard scores (SS = age-adjusted standard scores with a mean of 100 and SD of 15) are noted. Independent sample t-tests sow group effects (

p < .05,

^**

p < .001, NS = not significant). Two younger participants did not complete the WAIS-III logical memory, COWAT-FAS and USC-REMT tests. MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; WAIS-III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3^rd Ed; COWAT-FAS = Controlled Oral Word Association Test-FAS; USC-REMT = University of Southern California- Repeatable Episodic Memory Test; and WJ-III = Woodcock-Johnson, 3^rd Ed.

^†

In the MMSE, all younger adults scored a perfect score (30) whereas older adults’ scores ranged from 28 to 30.