Table 1.
Overview of studies reporting gustatory ERP and ERF
| Study | Sample (f/m) | EEG/MEG (sensors) | Delivery apparatus | Flow (mL/s) | Duration (ms) | Amount (mL) | Trials | ISI (s) | Taste | ERP/EMF deflection (latency/source) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Funakoshi and Kawamura (1971) | 5 | EEG (1) | Open flow | – | 5,000 | 1 | 40 | Water | 150 ms | |
| 1 M sucrose | 150 ms, 500 –1,500 ms | |||||||||
| 1 M NaCl | 150 ms, 500–1,500 ms | |||||||||
| 1/20–1/160 M tartaric acid | 150 ms, 500–1,500 ms | |||||||||
| 1/200–1/400 M quinine | 150 ms, 500–1,500 ms | |||||||||
| Kobal (1985) | 5 | EEG (12) | Olfactometer | 140 | 200 | 56 | 16 | 50–60 | 42+55% acetic acid | P300, N410, P660, N860 |
| Plattig et al. (1988) | EEG (Cz) | Open flow | 0.75 | 300–1,500 | 0.22–1.12 | 8–16 | 40–50 | NaCl | N1000, P2300 | |
| Tartaric acid | P2300 | |||||||||
| Sucrose | No response | |||||||||
| Quinine HCl | N2300ms | |||||||||
| Water | No response | |||||||||
| Min and Sakamoto (1998) | 10 | EEG (Cz) | Sponge applicator | – | 2,000 | 1.5 | 8 | 60 | 1 M NaCl | P50, P180 |
| 0.1 M sucrose | P50, P180 | |||||||||
| 0.12 M tartaric acid | P50, P180 | |||||||||
| 0.03 M quinine HCl | P50, P180 | |||||||||
| Artificial saliva | P50 | |||||||||
| Fitzsimons et al. (1999) | 7/2 | EEG (Cz) | Electrogustometer | na | 250 | – | 64 | 8 | Tactile | N146, P223, N297 |
| Tactile+electric taste | N141, P204, P410, N485, P557 | |||||||||
| Electric taste | P447, N506, P531 | |||||||||
| Mizoguchi et al. (2002) | 5 (3/2) | EEG (5) | Flow chamber | 2.33 | 400 | 0.93 | 240 | 30 | 0.3 M NaCl | P127 |
| N263 | ||||||||||
| P432 | ||||||||||
| Wada (2005) | 11 | EEG (Cz) | Sponge applicator | – | – | 0.1 | 8 | 30 | 20% glucose | P72–197 |
| 10% NaCl | P84–188 | |||||||||
| Artificial saliva | No response | |||||||||
| Ohla et al. (2009) | 17 (8/9) | EEG (64) | Electrogustometer | na | 1,000 | – | 114 | 12–15 | 11.5 μA | P130, N220, P390 |
| Frontal, frontocentral, centroposterior | ||||||||||
| No response | ||||||||||
| Ohla et al. (2010) | 17 (8/9) | EEG (64) | Electrogustometer | – | 1,000 | – | 106 | 12–15 | 11.5 μA | P134, N219, P390 |
| 360.5 μA | P124, N186, P347 | |||||||||
| Insula+opercula+vmOFC | ||||||||||
| Franken et al. (2011) | 32 (10/22) | EEG (32) | Open flow | 2.45 | 204 | 0.5 | 41 | 8.5–10.5 | 1 M glucose | P1 100–150 ms, N1 150–230 ms, P2 250–300 ms, P3 400–1,000 ms |
| Artificial saliva | P1 100–150 ms, N1 150–230 ms, P2 250–300 ms, P3 400–1,000 ms (at F3/4, Fz, C3/4, Cz), P3 larger for sweet | |||||||||
| Hummel et al. (2010) | 17 (9/8) | EEG (3) | Olfactometer | 133 | 250 | 33.25 | 15 | 25 | 70% acetic acid | – |
| 100% acetic acid | N390, P601 | |||||||||
| Singh et al. (2011) | 17 (7/10) | EEG (5) | “Spray” gustometer | 0.2 | 250 | – | 16 | 13–18 | 200 mM NaCl | – |
| 400 mM NaCl | N506, P718 | |||||||||
| 200 mM MSG | – | |||||||||
| 400 mM MSG | – | |||||||||
| Murayama et al. (1996) | 5 (0/5) | MEG (64) | Open flow | – | 10,000 | – | 2 | – | 10% glucose | N175/bilateral opercula |
| 0.3 M NaCl | N175/bilateral opercula | |||||||||
| Water | N175/no localization | |||||||||
| Kobayakawa et al. (1996a, b) | 6 (3/3) | MEG (64) | Flow chamber | 3.33 | 400 | 1.33 | ~35 | 30 | 1 M NaCl | 130 ms/insula/operculum |
| 3 mM saccharin | 380 ms/insula/operculum | |||||||||
| Gymnemate/3 mM saccharin | No response | |||||||||
| Water | No response | |||||||||
| Saito et al. (1998) | 5 | MEG (64) | Flow chamber | – | 400 | – | 30 | 30 | 1 M NaCl | 83 ms |
| 3 | 3 mM saccharin | 173 ms | ||||||||
| 100 mM, 330 mM, 1 M NaCl | 89 ms | |||||||||
| 3 mM saccharin | 205 ms | |||||||||
| Kobayakawa et al. (1999) | 7 (3/4) | MEG (64) | Flow chamber | 3.33 | 400 | 1.33 | 30 | 1 M NaCl | 155 ms/area G/time of best fit | |
| 3 mM saccharin | 267 ms/area G | |||||||||
| Mizoguchi et al. (2002) | 5 (3/2) | MEG (64) | 2.33 | 400 | 0.93 | 240 | 30 | 0.3 M NaCl | 126 ms, 277 ms, 438 ms | |
| Area G, left central s.+right sup temp g., area G | ||||||||||
| Iwaki et al. (2004) | – | MEG (122) | Electrogustometer | na | 200 | – | >40 | – | 25–64 mA | – |
| Onoda et al. (2005) | 6 (6/0) | MEG (64) | Flow chamber | – | 400 | – | >32 | 30 | 1 M NaCl | 130 ms/bil. insula–parietal operculum |
| Yamamoto et al. (2006) | 7 (2/5) | MEG (122) | Flow chamber | 1.66 | 400 | 0.66 | 40 | 30–60 | 0.05 M citric acid | 112 ms/insula/opercula |
| 0.5 M sucrose | 396 ms/insula/opercula | |||||||||
| Miraculum/0.05 M citric acid | 373 ms/insula/opercula | |||||||||
| Kobayakawa et al. (2008) | 8 (4/4) | MEG (64) | Flow chamber | – | 400 | – | 35 | 30 | 30 mM NaCl | 160 ms/insula/opercula |
| 100 mM NaCl | 160 ms/insula/opercula | |||||||||
| 300 mM NaCl | 160 ms/insula/opercula | |||||||||
| 1 M NaCl | 160 ms/insula/opercula |