Table 5. Standardized estimates for the dual growth curve analyses between each smoking-specific parenting strategy and adolescent smoking controlled for age, gender, education, maternal and paternal smoking.

	Frequency of communication 1	Quality of communication 2	House rules 3
Cross-lagged paths
S Smoking → I Parenting	.05(.07)	−.04 (.07)	−.004 (.06)
S Parenting → I Smoking	−.05 (.07)	.03 (.08)	.06(.10)
Cross-sectional associations
I Smoking ↔ I Parenting	.08(.05)	−.29(.08)***	−.02 (.06)
S Parenting ↔ S Smoking	.18(.09)*	−.48 (.08)***	.18 (.08)*
Stability associations
I Parenting ↔ S Parenting	−.75(.05)***	−.28 (.08)***	−.30 (.07)***
I Smoking ↔ S Smoking	.13 (.11)	.09 (11)	.10 (.10)

Note I = Intercept, S = Slope.

¹(χ² = 95.45 (56), p<.01, CFI/TLI = .96/.94, RMSEA = .04).

²(χ² = 126.98 (56), p<.001, CFI/TLI = .95/.92, RMSEA = .06).

³(χ² = 90.59 (56), p<.01, CFI/TLI = .98/.97, RMSEA = .04);

^*** p<.001,

^** p<.01,

^* p<.05.