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. 2013 Apr 17;8(4):e61013. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061013

Figure 1. Effect of PQQ on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation.

Figure 1

(A) BMMs were cultured for 4 days with M-CSF (30 ng/ml) and RANKL (50 ng/ml) in the presence of varying concentrations of PQQ. Arrows indicate the osteoclast. (B) TRAP-positive cells were counted as osteoclasts. Asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between control and treated. (C) Cytotoxicity of PQQ on BMMs. BMMs were cultured for 3 days with varying concentrations of PQQ in the presence of M-CSF (30 ng/ml). The optical density was measured at 450 nm. (D) RAW 264.7 cells were seeded at 3000 cells/plate in 48-well plates and cultured with the indicated concentrations of PQQ for 4 days. After 4 days, the cells were fixed and stained with Hematoxylin. Colonies with 50 or more cells were counted. Similar results were obtained in at least 3 independent experiments.