Testosterone Z-scores for the different age categories of (a) yellow males, (b) gelada males, and (c) chacma males. Although the figure depicts testosterone Z-scores, all statistical analyses were conducted on the log transformed testosterone values rather than on the Z-scores. Due to the small sample size of juveniles for chacma age categories, we pooled juveniles and subadults age 4.5-6.5 years into a single age category for statistical testing. Tukey's post-hoc tests: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, *** p<0.001. The number of males in each age category is indicated above the y-axis.