Figure 4. Changes in mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac SNA and renal SNA during volume expansion with infusion of gelofusine over 30 min in conscious sheep (n= 6).

At an infused volume of 300 ml, sheep were treated with bilateral PVN microinjections of muscimol (2mM, 500 nL) (dashed line) or artificial CSF (continuous line). The dotted line signifies when the microinjection into the PVN was conducted. #Significant difference, P > 0.05 between treatments. The circles show the centre of injection sites as visualized by the distribution of bue dye. Circles indicate the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) muscimol injection sites in the normal (open circles) and heart failure animals. IC, optic chiasm.